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A cell-adhesion junction mechanically coupling adjacent biological cells through their cytoskeletons.

The bacterial machinery assembling and remodeling the envelope at the division site.

The conventional E. coli replicative DNA helicase, translocating on the lagging-strand template.

The conventional E. coli primase that makes RNA primers for DNA replication.

A eukaryotic replicative polymerase with a predominant leading-strand role during conventional nuclear replication.

DNA repair addresses damage to DNA. Incorporation of a labeled precursor during DNA repair need not indicate duplication of the whole genome in S phase.

A DNA replication inhibitor interferes with DNA replication; the observed effect depends on exposure and assay conditions.

A reinforcing circuit in which two activities inhibit one another, potentially stabilizing mutually exclusive states.

A guanine-nucleotide exchange factor involved in local activation of RhoA during animal cytokinesis.

The eukaryotic translocation GTPase, functionally corresponding to bacterial EF-G.

An initiation-factor scaffold participating in assembly of eIF4F.

An electron transport chain transfers electrons from an electron donor through electron carriers to a terminal electron acceptor. In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, some transfers drive protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane; their return through ATP synthase can drive ATP formation.^[ref]

The useful separation is between an electron route and a proton route. The former ends in a redox chemical reaction; the latter changes an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. Energy coupling connects them without making electrons and protons interchangeable. An oxygen readout consequently need not be an ATP readout.

This article focuses on the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Bacteria can use other terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. In chloroplast light-dependent reactions, light supplies energy and linear electron transport connects water oxidation to NADP+ reduction, releasing oxygen. Thus neither oxygen consumption nor the mitochondrial arrangement defines every electron transport chain.^[ref]

Epidermal growth factor is a protein ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor.