Independent data in the same cache line cause unnecessary ownership transfers or invalidations when different CPU cores access them. A frequently written lock beside stable reader data can invalidate those data despite no logical conflict.

A bronchiole is a small airway beyond the cartilaginous bronchi. Its wall contains smooth muscle but lacks the cartilage of larger conducting branches. Changes in its radius can strongly affect airflow, connecting local muscle tone to pulmonary ventilation.

For the implicit equation $f(X,Y)=\Delta y(X-x_0)-\Delta x(Y-y_0)$, the sign of $d$ compares the exact line with the midpoint between candidate pixel centres $(x+1,y)$ and $(x+1,y+1)$. Multiplication by two makes the test integral. A consistent equality rule specifies which tied pixel is selected.

The areola is the pigmented skin region surrounding the nipple of the breast. It contains specialized glands and differs in surface structure from the surrounding skin. Its visible pigmentation is distinct from the deeper duct and milk-producing anatomy.

The medulla oblongata is the Caudal brainstem region adjoining the spinal cord. It contains ascending and descending pathways and nuclei involved in sensory, motor and autonomic regulation. Its structural compactness connects local lesions with combinations of otherwise distinct functions.

The pons is a brainstem region between the medulla oblongata and midbrain. It contains long pathways, cranial-nerve nuclei and connections with the cerebellum. Its visible bulge does not correspond to one uniform functional circuit.

A cranial nerve nucleus is a central collection of neuronal cell bodies participating in a cranial-nerve pathway. Motor nuclei contain projecting neurons, while sensory nuclei receive and process input. A central nucleus should be distinguished from a peripheral ganglion.

Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is brain damage associated with inadequate oxygen supply and blood delivery. Supply, metabolic demand and duration interact. A loss of oxygenation and a loss of perfusion are related but distinct physiological disturbances.

Brain herniation is displacement of brain tissue across an anatomical boundary under an abnormal pressure relationship. The displaced tissue can compress other structures and vessels. Location and direction of displacement determine the consequences; it is a mechanical process rather than one particular underlying disease.

A sheathing bract enclosing a flower or inflorescence, especially a spadix.^[ref]

A ring or several rings of bracts surrounding a flower or inflorescence.^[ref]

The axillary nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus supplying the deltoid muscle, teres minor and a region of shoulder skin. Its course near the shoulder joint connects local injury with a particular combination of motor and sensory deficits.

The posterior-cord nerve supplying much of the extensor apparatus of the upper limb.

A correction of amplitude $O(\delta )$ varying on width $O(\delta )$ can be negligible in a function's leading outer approximation while producing an order-one change in its derivative. For example $-\delta e^{-x/\delta }$ has derivative $e^{-x/\delta }$, allowing an endpoint derivative condition to be met without changing the leading outer boundary value. Such weak layers matter in matched asymptotic expansions involving derivative boundary conditions, even when only another endpoint has an order-one layer in the function itself.

In an attached two-dimensional boundary layer with zero pressure gradient, use the stream function $\Psi$ as transverse coordinate, assuming ${\Psi }_Y=u>0$ away from the wall. If $u=U(x,\Psi )$ and ${\Psi }_x=-V$, the chain rule gives $u_x=U_x-V{U}_{\Psi }$, $u_Y=U{U}_{\Psi }$ and $u_{YY}=U(U{U}_{\Psi }{)}_{\Psi }$. Substitution into $u{u}_x+V{u}_Y=u_{YY}$ proves the displayed degenerate nonlinear diffusion equation. Its flat-plate similarity form $U=g(\Psi /\sqrt{x})$ obeys $(g{g}^{\prime }{)}^{\prime }+\eta g^{\prime }/2=0$, $g(0)=0$, $g(\infty )=1$.

The wall coordinate is singular: finite physical shear corresponds to $g\sim C\sqrt{\eta }$, rather than a finite transformed derivative. A monotone profile exists by putting $q=g{g}^{\prime }$, $q(0)=a>0$. Then $q^{\prime }/q=-\eta /(2g)$ and $(g^2{)}^{\prime }=2q$. Since $q\le a$, $g\le \sqrt{2a\eta }$; this forces $q$ to decay at least as $\exp [-c{\eta }^{3/2}]$. Thus $g$ has a finite positive limit, which can be normalized to one by $g(\eta )\mapsto Ag(\eta /\sqrt{A})$.

A deposit of blood, whose identification and source attribution are distinct forensic questions.

A historical chemical test producing characteristic crystals from a hemoglobin derivative. It establishes neither human origin nor the donor's identity.

An antibody-based precipitation assay used, among other applications, to investigate the species of origin of a bloodstain.

Removal of blood through a vein. The term can describe a historical intervention or a current treatment for a specific condition; the procedure alone does not establish its indication.

Use of suction cups on incised skin to remove blood. Celsus describes bronze and horn cups and distinguishes this from dry cupping. ^[ref]