Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase. The resulting changes in ion handling influence cardiac contraction and conduction. Blood concentration, tissue exposure and clinical response are related measurements with different time courses.^[ref]

During this stage of the cardiac cycle, the ventricular inlet and outlet valves are both closed. Ventricular volume is fixed at its end-filling value $V^{+}$, while increasing ventricular elastance raises pressure as $p_{LV}=E_{LV}(t)(V^{+}-V_0)$. Arterial and venous pressures remain approximately fixed when the stage is short relative to their systemic resistance–compliance times.

Absence of detectable ventricular electrical activity in the assessed recording. It is one cardiac-arrest rhythm and differs from electrical activity that persists without effective pumping.

The four-carbon carboxylic acid associated with some microbial fermentations.

The one-carbon carboxylic acid; suitable dehydration gives carbon monoxide and water.

Gluconic acid is the carboxylic acid obtained by oxidizing the aldehyde end of glucose while retaining the rest of its six-carbon framework. Gluconic acid can form gluconate by loss of its acidic proton.

Oxidation at a particular carbon gives a distinct chemical product: oxidation of the terminal alcohol instead would produce a different sugar acid. This makes gluconic acid an example of how chemoselectivity determines molecular identity.^[ref]

A keto acid contains both a ketone group and a carboxylic acid group. The position of the ketone relative to the acid group distinguishes α-keto acids, β-keto acids, and more remote arrangements.

Pyruvic acid and 2-Oxoglutarate are metabolically important examples of the α arrangement. Their carbonyl groups participate in transformations connecting carbohydrate metabolism with amino acid metabolism.

A broad class of structurally disordered carbon materials. Historical examples can contain small graphitic domains and impurities; the label does not establish one unique allotrope.

A closed-cage form of carbon; buckminsterfullerene is one example.

An alveolar capillary is a pulmonary capillary closely associated with the alveolar exchange surface. Its arrangement brings blood near air across a thin layered barrier. Effective gas exchange depends on matching local ventilation with perfusion as well as on barrier thickness.

The porous fuel-delivery component of a candle. Capillary action transports molten wax through its fibres to the region supplying gaseous fuel.

Historical soft, brain-like malignant growth. The gross appearance does not specify one modern diagnosis in histology.

Historical designation for gelatinous malignant tissue, often associated with mucin. It is not a complete modern classification.

A malignant tumour with mesenchymal differentiation, including cancers of bone and soft tissues. It differs from epithelial carcinoma in cellular lineage rather than simply in anatomical depth.

A malignancy of plasma cells, often involving bone marrow and production of a clonal immunoglobulin or its components. Tissue injury and abnormal protein effects connect the cell population with systemic findings.

A cancer arising from melanocytes. Pigment production can vary, so a melanoma need not be visibly dark, and a dark lesion is not automatically melanoma.

A cancer of lymphoid cells. It can involve lymph nodes or other tissues, distinguishing the cellular category from a requirement that every lesion begin as an enlarged node.

A cancer of blood-forming cells, commonly involving bone marrow and blood. Abnormal cell populations can interfere with normal blood production without forming a single solid mass.^[ref]

A tumour arising from germ-cell lineages, including testicular and ovarian forms. The cell of origin distinguishes it from tumors arising from supporting or surface tissues in the same organ.

A classification based on microscopic features associated with differentiation or proliferative behavior. It differs from tumour stage: a small localized cancer can still have high-grade cellular features.