A tubulin-related bacterial GTPase whose polymers help organize division-site machinery.

Its assembly at the division site helps position and coordinate the divisome. Polymer dynamics organize membrane and cell-wall construction rather than supplying a complete independent cutting apparatus. Correct placement is necessary to partition a bacterial cell into viable descendants. ^[ref]

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptional regulator responding to its LasI-produced acyl-homoserine-lactone signal.

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing transcription factor whose DNA-binding activity is promoted by interaction with PqsE.

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolone-responsive transcription factor, also called MvfR.

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein with enzymatic activity and a distinct interaction-dependent role in promoting RhlR-controlled virulence expression.

A redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator. In Pseudomonas its regulon includes functions associated with handling redox-active metabolites.

Bmi1 is a component of a Polycomb repressive complex involved in chromatin-associated gene regulation. Its roles include regulation of developmental and proliferative programmes. Use of Bmi1 expression as a lineage marker is distinct from demonstrating its biochemical function or a uniquely defined stem-cell biological population. Interpretation therefore requires both the molecular context and the labelling strategy used in a particular experiment. ^[ref]

Ascl2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor associated with intestinal stem-cell identity and regeneration. Its activity can help differentiated-lineage descendants reacquire a stem-like programme after injury. This is a conditional regenerative response, rather than proof that every Ascl2-expressing cell has unlimited self-renewal. Genetic perturbation and lineage measurements connect the regulator to the recovery process. ^[ref]

Mesp1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed transiently in early mesodermal progenitors. It participates in cardiovascular lineage specification and associated migration programmes. Lineage tracing can reveal later descendants even after Mesp1 expression stops. Temporally separated Mesp1-expressing biological populations can have different contributions, showing why a transcriptional marker must be interpreted together with developmental timing. ^[ref]

ISL1 is a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor involved in specification and cell differentiation of several lineages. In cardiac development, it marks a progenitor biological population that proliferates before contributing descendants to the heart. A marker’s expression identifies a state or lineage under defined conditions; it does not mean that every later descendant continues to express the marker. ^[ref]

TBX2 is a T-box transcription factor involved in developmental control of cellular identity and proliferation. In the developing heart, it contributes to regional gene programmes that distinguish specialized territories from chamber myocardium. It is related to TBX3 but the two factors are not interchangeable in every context. Shared DNA-binding-family membership therefore does not establish identical expression or developmental function. ^[ref]

TBX3 is a T-box transcription factor with developmental roles including limb, gland and cardiac patterning. It can repress or activate gene programmes depending on its molecular partners and regulatory context. Its developmental importance illustrates how one DNA-binding regulator can act in several organs at different times. A phenotype following altered expression therefore needs a specified tissue and stage before it can be assigned to one direct target. ^[ref]

PITX2 is a homeobox transcription factor involved in developmental patterning, including left-right asymmetry. It connects asymmetric upstream signalling to tissue-specific gene regulation during organ development. In vertebrate heart and gut development, its expression helps interpret positional information rather than mechanically turning an organ by itself. Expression, target regulation and final organ shape are distinct levels of evidence. ^[ref]

PAR-6 is a polarity scaffold protein that interacts with an atypical protein kinase C and the small GTPase Cdc42. These interactions connect a nucleotide-dependent signal to localized kinase activity and cortical organization. Family members and developmental contexts differ, so a general complex architecture does not establish an identical role in every tissue. Positioning the complex helps cells distinguish one surface domain from another. ^[ref]

PALS1 is a scaffold protein in the Crumbs-associated polarity complex. It links membrane-associated polarity components with partners including PATJ, helping organize apical-junctional architecture in epithelial cells. As a scaffold, its influence depends on which partners are present and where the complex assembles. Loss of a localized assembly can therefore affect tissue organization without PALS1 itself being an enzyme. ^[ref]

PATJ is a multidomain scaffold protein associated with epithelial polarity and tight-junction organization. It interacts with components of the Crumbs-associated polarity system, including PALS1. Multiple interaction domains allow it to organize a local assembly rather than acting as a single catalytic switch. Its location at junctions and its functional contribution to junction formation are related but experimentally distinct properties. ^[ref]

Discs large denotes a conserved scaffold-protein family involved in organizing cell junctions, polarity and signalling complexes. Its interaction domains help assemble different partners at particular cellular locations. The original name comes from mutant phenotypes in Drosophila imaginal discs; related mammalian proteins have additional tissue-specific roles. A scaffold can influence a pathway by positioning components even without catalysing a chemical reaction. ^[ref]

Lethal giant larvae denotes a conserved polarity-protein family first characterized in Drosophila. Its members help organize cortical domains and epithelial polarity, with activity and localization regulated partly through phosphorylation. Mammalian LLGL proteins are related components rather than literal larval structures. Their contribution depends on cellular context, so polarity effects and effects on proliferation should be measured separately. ^[ref]

Rabin8 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor that activates Rab8a by promoting exchange of bound GDP for GTP. It links upstream trafficking signals to a Rab-controlled membrane-delivery pathway, including ciliary membrane formation. Its role is distinct from a GTPase-activating protein, which accelerates GTP hydrolysis. The exchange factor changes the state of the molecular switch rather than carrying all cargo itself. ^[ref]

Podocalyxin is a heavily glycosylated cell-surface protein involved in apical organization and cell-surface properties. It is prominent in kidney podocytes and is also used to follow apical membrane formation in epithelial models. Its charged extracellular region and intracellular connections contribute different properties. Localization can reveal polarity, but demonstrating that podocalyxin causes a polarity change requires a perturbation and functional readout. ^[ref]