A polymer near an impenetrable nonadsorbing wall has fewer allowed configurations than a coil in the bulk. This entropic loss suppresses its equilibrium density over a scale comparable with its radius of gyration. Strong confinement, adsorption and strong flow can change the profile; electrical neutrality does not remove configurational entropy.

A synthetic aromatic polyamide with a relatively stiff backbone. Dilute-solution light scattering and viscometry provide evidence for rodlike conformations under the conditions investigated.^[ref]

If only the inserted length $x$ feels a uniform inward electric field, its charge experiences force $qEx$, where $q$ is charge per contour length. Integrating gives electric energy $-qE{x}^2/2$. Adding a constant entropic confinement force gives the displayed free-energy profile. Its interior maximum is at $x=f/(qE)$ and has height $f^2/(2qE)$; entry waiting and subsequent directed insertion are distinct times.

Repeated transitions between a broad reservoir and a narrow channel can accumulate length-dependent capture and relaxation delays. Uniform inside-channel drift alone may be length independent and therefore insufficient for separation. A time-dependent drive can retain the length-sensitive delays, while stronger advection raises throughput but can erase selectivity. A quantitative ordering requires the actual barrier, chain dynamics and driving protocol.

An inductively coupled plasma receives power through electromagnetic induction. An alternating coil electric current produces a changing magnetic field, which induces an electric field in the gas. Electrons accelerated by that field transfer energy through collisions, sustaining ionization and driving atomic transitions.

A typical analytical source surrounds a gas-carrying dielectric torch with a radiofrequency coil. Excited atoms emit spectral lines useful for atomic spectroscopy, while extracted ions can feed mass spectrometry. The coil supplies energy without requiring it to touch the plasma. Coupling, gas composition and particle losses determine the discharge response. ^[ref]

The food consumed by an organism. Realized diet, short-term feeding observations and the diet inferred from inherited anatomy are different kinds of evidence.

Processing of food by microorganisms associated with a host. Measuring the resulting nutrients and their absorption helps establish the benefit to the host.

The digestive system processes food, absorbs usable material and eliminates residual contents. The alimentary tract works with accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Mechanical processing, chemical breakdown and transport across an epithelium are distinct functions.^[ref]

Muscle tissue is tissue specialized for force generation through contractile proteins. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle differ in organization and control. Tissue-level output also depends on supporting matrix and transmission of force between cells and attachments.

Capacity to sustain oxygen-dependent energy metabolism, commonly assessed through maximum oxygen consumption in a specified activity or condition.

A physiological response to challenge or disturbance. Its cause, duration and measured consequences should be specified rather than inferred from one behavioural change.

Electrophysiology studies electrical properties and activity of biological cells and tissues. Recording membrane potential or current can connect ion transport to neural signaling, muscle activation and other functions. A measured voltage and the underlying ionic conductance are related but distinct quantities.

Coordinated tissue repair involving growth, migration, matrix remodelling and immune responses. Persistent deployment of related activities can support a tumour without constituting productive repair.

An experimental report including low-temperature calorimetry of cage compounds and the additional localized-mode contribution in Ba4Na2Ge25.

DOI: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.247003

Author-hosted full text: www.ifp.tuwien.ac.at/fileadmin/pers_homepages/buehler_paschen_silke/papers/Gro01_1.pdf

The original CeAl3 measurements report the low-temperature electronic heat-capacity and quadratic-resistivity coefficients underlying its identification as a heavy fermion material. The published abstract gives both values and the measurement range below $0.2\mathrm{K}$.

Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1779

An inelastic neutron scattering measurement of phonon dispersion in deuterated TTF-TCNQ, including the temperature-dependent anomaly near $2k_F$. The abstract specifies the $60$–$300\mathrm{K}$ measurement range and the transition at $54\mathrm{K}$.

Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.14.2325

Recommended experimental surface tension values and a temperature-dependent interpolating formula for liquid water in equilibrium with its vapour. Printed page 3 gives the formula and validity range; Table 1 starts on printed page 4.

Official release: iapws.org/technical-guidance/release/Surf-H2O

PDF: iapws.org/documents/release/Surf-H2O.download

Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4508

University-hosted original paper: sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~tatej/COURSES/ph575/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=bloch_oscillations_atoms_in_optical_potential.pdf

Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.795