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Integration of holomorphic differential forms along cycles embeds the first homology group as a full Euclidean lattice in $H^0(C,K_C{)}^{\vee }$. Fixing a base point, sum the path integrals to the points of an effective complex analytic divisor. Different path choices differ by that lattice. The Abel theorem for divisors identifies the fibres with linear equivalence of divisors.

Every holomorphic map $V_1/{\Lambda }_1\to V_2/{\Lambda }_2$ lifts to $z\mapsto Az+x$, where $A$ is a complex-linear map satisfying $A{\Lambda }_1\subseteq {\Lambda }_2$. Period differences of a lift lie in the discrete target Euclidean lattice, so its derivative is periodic. Boundedness on a compact fundamental domain and the Liouville theorem make this derivative constant. The linear map is unique, and the translation vector is determined modulo ${\Lambda }_2$.

For a full Euclidean lattice and a positive definite real symmetric matrix $A$, the Gaussian theta sum obeysUse the Fourier transform kernel $e^{-2\pi ix\cdot z}$, the identity $\widehat{e^{-\pi x^{T}Ax}}(z)=(\det A{)}^{-1/2}{e}^{-\pi z^T{A}^{-1}z}$, and the Poisson summation formula for a Euclidean lattice. No integrality or self-duality of the Euclidean lattice is assumed.

The theorem classifies compact flat manifolds through their crystallographic covering groups.

For a compact flat Riemannian manifold ${\mathbb{R}}^n/\Gamma$, the translations in $\Gamma$ form a normal full-rank Euclidean lattice of finite index. The quotient is its finite linear holonomy. Affine conjugacy of the torsion-free crystallographic groups classifies these manifolds up to affine diffeomorphism. An abelian $\Gamma$ must consist entirely of translations: commuting with every lattice translation forces each linear part to fix a spanning set of ${\mathbb{R}}^n$.

A nonconstant geodesic whose position and tangent velocity repeat after a positive time. On a flat torus it is a straight line modulo the lattice, closing when its displacement is a Euclidean lattice vector. A primitive closed geodesic traverses its image without being an iterate of a shorter periodic geodesic.

Every scalar holomorphic function on a compact connected complex manifold is constant by the maximum modulus principle. Apply this to each entry of the holomorphic Adjoint representation of a Lie group; its value is constantly the identity. Differentiation makes the complex Lie algebra abelian, hence connectedness makes the group abelian. The holomorphic Lie exponential map identifies it with ${\mathbb{C}}^n$ modulo a discrete subgroup. Compactness forces that subgroup to span the underlying real vector space, giving a full-rank Euclidean lattice and a complex torus.

The covolume of a full Euclidean lattice is the Lebesgue measure of a fundamental parallelepiped in its ambient inner product space. In orthonormal coordinates it is $|\det B|$ for a lattice basis matrix $B$. Scaling the lattice by $t>0$ multiplies the covolume by $t^n$; the dual lattice has reciprocal covolume.

Let $C=\sqrt{|D_K|}N(\mathfrak{b})$ and $n=[K:\mathbb{Q}]$. Normalize the Minkowski embedding of a number field to the covolume-one Euclidean lattice ${\Lambda }_{\mathfrak{b}}=C^{-1/n}j(\mathfrak{b})$, using the metric with complex coordinates weighted by $2$. Its theta function isWriting $\Vert y\Vert ={\prod }_v{y}_v^{[K_v:\mathbb{R}]}$ and using the trace dual of a fractional ideal gives $\Theta (y,\mathfrak{b})=\Vert y{\Vert }^{-1/2}\Theta (y^{-1},{\mathfrak{b}}^{\vee })$. Its small-parameter asymptotic of a lattice theta sum has leading coefficient one. For the unscaled ideal lattice, the leading coefficient is instead $C^{-1}$; one must specify the normalization when quoting this limit.

A discrete additive subgroup of ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ is generated by real-linearly independent vectors. Indeed, isolation of zero gives uniform separation, so compact sets meet the subgroup finitely. Choose a real basis from the subgroup for its real span. Its integer span has finite index, since reduction into a compact fundamental parallelepiped gives finitely many coset representatives. The structure theorem for finitely generated abelian groups then gives a free integer basis, whose size is the dimension of the real span. Thus the subgroup is a Euclidean lattice in its span, although it need not have full rank in the ambient space.

The dual lattice of a full-rank Euclidean lattice $\Lambda \subset {\mathbb{R}}^n$ isHere $⟨x,y⟩$ is the Euclidean inner product. If the columns of an invertible matrix $B$ form a basis of $\Lambda =B{\mathbb{Z}}^n$, thenIndeed, $y$ belongs to the dual lattice exactly when $B^{\mathsf{T}}y\in {\mathbb{Z}}^n$; $B^{-\mathsf{T}}$ denotes the transpose of the matrix inverse. The reciprocal covolume follows by taking the determinant. With the Fourier transform kernel $e^{-2\pi i⟨x,y⟩}$, these are precisely the frequencies of the characters of a real torus: translating $x$ by any $\lambda \in \Lambda$ leaves $e^{2\pi i⟨x,y⟩}$ unchanged. In one dimension, $(h\mathbb{Z}{)}^{\vee }=h^{-1}\mathbb{Z}$ for $h>0$: increasing the spacing in physical space decreases the spacing in frequency space.

For a full-rank Euclidean lattice in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$, its Epstein zeta function is $E_{\Lambda }(s)={\sum }_{0\ne x\in \Lambda }|x{|}^{-2s}$, initially convergent for $\mathrm{Re}s>n/2$. A Mellin transform of its theta function gives its completed Epstein zeta function and a meromorphic continuation. Its sole pole has residue ${\pi }^{n/2}/[m(\Lambda )\Gamma (n/2)]$ at $s=n/2$.

A flat torus is ${\mathbb{R}}^d/\Lambda$ with its quotient Euclidean metric, where $\Lambda$ is a full-rank Euclidean lattice. Its volume is the lattice covolume. The dual lattice indexes its complete Fourier series of Laplacian eigenfunctions.

For a full Euclidean lattice $\Lambda$ and a positive definite real symmetric matrix $A$, the Gaussian theta sum is ${\theta }_{\Lambda }(A)={\sum }_{\lambda \in \Lambda }{e}^{-\pi {\lambda }^{T}A\lambda }$. Its absolute convergence follows from Gaussian decay and the polynomial growth of the number of lattice points in a ball. The Poisson summation formula for a Euclidean lattice gives its anisotropic theta functional equation.

For a square integer matrix $A$ with nonzero determinant, the image $A{\mathbb{Z}}^n$ is a subgroup of the integer lattice. Its index of a subgroup isIn particular, $A=\mathrm{diag}(2,1)$ gives all points with even first coordinate. The quotient has two cosets, represented by $(0,0)$ and $(1,0)$, and the fundamental cell has area two. A determinant of two therefore counts how much integer information is missing from the image.

The integrality hypothesis is essential. The rational matrix $R=\mathrm{diag}(2,1/2)$ has determinant one but sends $(0,1)$ to $(0,1/2)$. Its generated Euclidean lattice has the same covolume as ${\mathbb{Z}}^2$ without being the same integer lattice. The unimodular matrix criterion combines an arithmetic condition with a geometric one.

A short proof of the index formula uses Smith normal form. Write $PAQ=\mathrm{diag}(d_1,\dots ,d_n)$, with $P,Q$ unimodular matrices and positive integers $d_i$. They preserve the relevant integer structure, so the quotient has the same size as ${\prod }_i\mathbb{Z}/d_i\mathbb{Z}$, namely ${\prod }_i{d}_i=|\det A|$. No assumption that the matrix is orthogonal or its basis vectors are short is needed.

For a full-rank Euclidean lattice of covolume $A$ in ${\mathbb{R}}^d$, bounded fundamental cells compare lattice points in a radius-$R$ ball with the volumes of balls of radii $R\pm C$. Hence $N(R)=\mathrm{vol}(B_1)R^d/A+O(R^{d-1})$. A lattice norm multiset therefore determines the covolume, which is useful for the spectrum of a flat torus.

A lattice polytope is the convex hull of finitely many points of a Euclidean lattice. It need not contain the origin. Integral translation changes its associated homogeneous semigroup ring by a grading-preserving isomorphism.

// Target: geometry-and-topology.bigb

For a full-rank Euclidean lattice, ${\Theta }_{\Lambda }(\tau )={\sum }_{x\in \Lambda }{e}^{\pi i|x{|}^2\tau }$ obeys ${\Theta }_{\Lambda }(\tau )=(-i\tau {)}^{-n/2}m(\Lambda {)}^{-1}{\Theta }_{{\Lambda }^{\vee }}(-1/\tau )$. Apply the Poisson summation formula for a Euclidean lattice and the complex Gaussian Fourier transform. The identity holds without assuming an integral or self-dual lattice.

For an integer basis of a Euclidean lattice, the algorithm uses integer column operations and swaps to obtain a size-reduced basis with Gram-Schmidt coefficients $|{\mu }_{ij}|\le 1/2$ and the condition $\delta \Vert b_i^{\ast }{\Vert }^2\le \Vert b_{i+1}^{\ast }{\Vert }^2+{\mu }_{i+1,i}^2\Vert b_i^{\ast }{\Vert }^2$. It preserves the lattice and exposes short vectors and near-relations. It is useful for improving proven Diophantine bounds by encoding scaled logarithms in integer coordinates. A certified lower bound for every nonzero lattice vector is ${\min }_i\Vert b_i^{\ast }\Vert$: in a nonzero integer linear combination, project onto the last nonzero Gram-Schmidt direction. Better-reduced bases improve this lower bound. Rounding and logarithm errors must still be bounded before turning it into a certified lower bound for a logarithmic form.

The map $A$ associated with an affine map $x\mapsto Ax+b$; it is independent of the translation $b$. An affine Euclidean isometry has an orthogonal linear part, and an isometry between flat tori has a lift whose linear part carries one Euclidean lattice onto the other.