Gauss's law

\nabla \cdot E = ρ / ϵ_{0}, \int_{\partial V} E \cdot d S = Q_{enclosed} / ϵ_{0} .

Gaussian surface

A Gaussian surface is a closed surface used with the integral form of Gauss's law to relate electric flux to enclosed charge.

A Gaussian pillbox is a thin cylindrical Gaussian surface crossing an interface. Shrinking its height converts a divergence law into a jump condition for the field's normal component.

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Gauss's law is a fundamental principle in electrostatics, part of Maxwell's equations, that relates the electric field generated by a charge distribution to the charge enclosed within a closed surface.