Ion channels

Ion channels are specialized protein structures embedded in the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of ions into and out of cells. These channels are crucial for various physiological processes, including the generation and propagation of electrical signals in nerve and muscle cells, the regulation of cell volume, and the maintenance of ion homeostasis within cells.

Calcium channels are specialized membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) across cell membranes. They play a crucial role in a variety of physiological processes in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Here are some key aspects of calcium channels: ### Types of Calcium Channels 1. **Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs)**: These channels open in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing Ca²⁺ to flow into the cell.

Channelopathies are a group of disorders caused by the dysfunction of ion channels, which are proteins that help regulate the flow of ions (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) across cell membranes. These ion channels play critical roles in various physiological processes, including the generation and transmission of electrical signals in neurons and muscle cells, cardiac rhythm, and neurotransmitter release.

Chloride channels are a type of integral membrane protein that allows the passage of chloride ions (Cl^-) across the cell membrane. These channels play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including cellular signaling, maintaining osmotic balance, and controlling electrical excitability in nerve and muscle cells.

Connexins are a family of proteins that form gap junction channels in cell membranes, allowing direct communication between neighboring cells. These channels enable the transfer of ions, small molecules, and signaling molecules, facilitating intercellular communication and coordination of various cellular processes. Each connexin protein has a specific structure, which includes four transmembrane domains, two extracellular loops, one intracellular loop, and carboxy and amino termini that are located in the cytoplasm.

Ion channel blockers are a class of pharmacological agents that inhibit the function of ion channels in cell membranes. Ion channels are proteins that facilitate the movement of ions (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) across cell membranes, which is crucial for various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and regulation of heart rhythms.

Ion channel openers are compounds or substances that stimulate the opening of ion channels in cell membranes, facilitating the flow of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride across the membrane. These channels are crucial for various physiological functions, including the generation of action potentials in neurons, muscle contraction, and the regulation of cellular excitability. Ion channel openers can have various therapeutic applications.

Ion channel toxins are specialized proteins or small molecules that disrupt the normal functioning of ion channels in cell membranes. Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that allow the selective passage of ions (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) across cell membranes, playing critical roles in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and hormone secretion.

Potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the membranes of cells, responsible for the selective passage of potassium ions (K+) across the membrane. They play critical roles in various physiological processes, including the regulation of cell membrane potential, the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons and muscle cells, and the regulation of neurotransmitter release.

Proton channels are specialized protein structures that facilitate the selective movement of protons (H⁺ ions) across cell membranes. These channels play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including cellular respiration, signal transduction, and maintaining pH balance within cells.

Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of sodium ions (Na⁺) across the cell membrane. They play a crucial role in a variety of physiological processes, including the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons and muscle cells.

Voltage-gated ion channels are specialized proteins found in the cell membrane that open or close in response to changes in the membrane potential (voltage). They play a crucial role in the generation and propagation of electrical signals in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. Here are key features of voltage-gated ion channels: 1. **Voltage Sensitivity**: These channels have a voltage sensor that detects changes in the electrical charge across the membrane.

The 5-HT3 receptor is a type of serotonin receptor that is part of the ligand-gated ion channel family. It is primarily involved in mediating the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

ASIC5 typically refers to a specific generation or version of Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology. However, as of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there is no widely recognized concept or product specifically named "ASIC5" that stands out in major technological discussions or literature. ASICs are specialized hardware designed for a specific application, as opposed to general-purpose CPUs or GPUs.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a group of ion channels that are primarily activated by acidic conditions (low pH) in the surrounding environment. They belong to the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin (ENaC/DEG) family of ion channels and play crucial roles in various physiological processes.

The alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor (α3β2 nAChR) is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that is a part of the larger family of ionotropic receptors. These receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as well as nicotine.

The α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a subtype of nicotinic receptor that is primarily composed of alpha 3 (α3) and beta 4 (β4) subunits. Nicotinic receptors are a type of neurotransmitter receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as well as other compounds, such as nicotine.

The alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α4β2 nAChR) is a type of receptor in the nervous system that responds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as nicotine, a substance found in tobacco. It is a subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family, which are ligand-gated ion channels playing crucial roles in neurotransmission.

The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor (also known as the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, or α7nAChR) is a type of receptor in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system that is part of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family. These receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as other ligands, including nicotine.

Anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are a special class of channelrhodopsins, which are light-sensitive proteins found in certain microorganisms, typically algae. These proteins are part of the opsin family and are known for their ability to conduct ions across cellular membranes in response to light.

Bestrophin-2 (BEST2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BEST2 gene. It belongs to a family of proteins known as bestrophins, which are associated with various cellular functions, particularly in the context of ion transport. Bestrophin-2 is notably expressed in various tissues, including the retina, where it is thought to play a role in maintaining ion homeostasis.

Bestrophin 1 (BEST1) is a protein that is encoded by the BEST1 gene in humans. It is primarily expressed in retinal cells, particularly in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and plays an important role in the function of the retina. Bestrophin 1 is believed to be involved in the regulation of ion channels, particularly chloride channels, and is thought to have a role in maintaining the ionic balance and fluid homeostasis in the eye.

CACNA1G is a gene that encodes a subunit of a voltage-gated calcium channel. Specifically, it is part of the family of calcium channel genes that contribute to the formation of L-type calcium channels, which are essential for a variety of physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal excitability. The protein produced by the CACNA1G gene is particularly involved in the regulation of calcium ions flowing into cells in response to changes in membrane potential.

CACNA1I is a gene that encodes a protein known as the calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha-1 I. This protein is part of a larger family of calcium channels that are involved in the regulation of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) across cell membranes. Specifically, CACNA1I encodes the alpha-1 subunit of a specific type of voltage-gated calcium channel known as the "Cav3.

CACNA2D1 is a gene that encodes a subunit of a voltage-gated calcium channel. Specifically, it encodes the alpha-2/delta-1 subunit of the calcium channel complex. Voltage-gated calcium channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

CACNA2D2 (Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha2 Delta 2) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the function of voltage-gated calcium channels in the body. These channels play a critical role in the regulation of calcium ion influx into cells, which is essential for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion.

CACNA2D3 is a gene that encodes the alpha-2/delta-3 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels are critical for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and other signal transduction pathways. The alpha-2/delta subunits play a role in the trafficking, expression, and regulation of the calcium channels.

CACNB1 (Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Beta 1) is a gene that encodes a protein which is part of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. This protein is a beta subunit that is essential for the proper functioning of calcium channels in the nervous and muscular systems. Calcium channels are crucial for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and cell signaling.

CACNB2 is a gene that encodes the beta-2 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. These calcium channels are integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in the regulation of calcium ion (Ca²⁺) influx into cells, which is essential for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion.

CACNB3 (Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Beta 3) is a gene that encodes a protein which is part of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. These channels are crucial for the regulation of calcium ions in various cell types, particularly in excitable tissues such as the heart and nervous system. The protein encoded by CACNB3 is a beta subunit that assists in the proper functioning of calcium channels by modulating their activity and trafficking to the cell membrane.

CACNB4, or calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4, is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the functioning of voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels play a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes by controlling the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into cells.

CACNG1, or Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 E, is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complexes. Specifically, it encodes a subunit of the auxiliary calcium channel protein family, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium ion flow across cell membranes. Calcium channels are essential for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

CACNG2, or calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2, is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the functioning of voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels play a critical role in regulating calcium ion flow into cells, which is essential for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and the overall regulation of cellular signaling.

CACNG3, or Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha-2/D, is a gene that encodes a protein essential for the functioning of voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels play a critical role in the regulation of calcium ion entry into cells, which is vital for various physiological processes, including neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and the propagation of electrical signals in neurons and muscle cells.

CACNG4, or Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Auxiliary Subunit Gamma 4, is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the regulation of calcium channels. Specifically, it is a part of the auxiliary subunit family of voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

CHRNA1 is a gene that encodes the alpha-1 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This receptor plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals between nerve cells and muscles. It is a part of a larger family of acetylcholine receptors that are involved in various physiological functions, including muscle contraction and neurotransmission in the nervous system.

CHRNA10 is a gene that encodes a subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are involved in various neurological processes, including synaptic transmission and neuromuscular junction activity. The CHRNA10 gene is part of the larger family of nicotinic receptor genes and is known to play a role in modulating synaptic function and plasticity.

CHRNA5 refers to the gene that encodes the alpha-5 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This receptor is a type of ligand-gated ion channel that plays a critical role in neurotransmission in the nervous system by mediating the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The CHRNA5 gene is located on chromosome 15 in humans and is part of a cluster of genes that encode components of nicotinic receptors.

CHRNA6 refers to the gene that encodes the alpha-6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are a class of receptors that mediate synaptic transmission in the nervous system and are involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, cognition, and reward pathways. The CHRNA6 gene is located on chromosome 8 in humans and is part of the ligand-gated ion channel family.

CHRNA7, or the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 7 subunit, is a gene that encodes a protein that is part of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family. This family of receptors plays a critical role in neurotransmission and is involved in various physiological processes.

CHRNA9 is a gene that encodes the alpha 9 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a type of receptor that is part of the larger family of ligand-gated ion channels. This particular receptor plays a crucial role in the nervous system by mediating synaptic transmission and influencing neuronal excitability.

CHRNB1 is a gene that encodes the beta 1 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which is a type of neurotransmitter receptor. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in synaptic transmission in the nervous system and play critical roles in muscle contraction and signaling in the central nervous system.

CHRNB2 is a gene that encodes the beta-2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are a type of receptor that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and are involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

CHRNB3 is a gene that encodes the beta-3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a type of receptor that is part of the ligand-gated ion channel family. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmission in the nervous system.

CHRNB4 is a gene that encodes a subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), specifically the beta-4 subunit. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are a type of ligand-gated ion channel that responds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and are involved in various neurological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and modulation of synaptic activity.

CHRND, or "Chaperonin-Containing TCP1" is a gene that encodes a member of the TCP1 (T-complex polypeptide 1) complex, which is a crucial component of the chaperonin family of proteins. Chaperonins are involved in the folding of nascent proteins, helping them achieve their proper three-dimensional structure. The CHRND gene is particularly associated with muscle development and function.

CHRNE refers to the "Code for Human Rights and Non-Discrimination in Education." It is often associated with efforts to promote and protect human rights and non-discrimination principles in educational settings. The initiative emphasizes the importance of ensuring access to education for all individuals, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances.

CHRNG generally refers to "Chronological RNG," which is a method used in various contexts, such as gaming, simulations, or cryptography, to generate random numbers based on a specific chronological process. However, it's worth noting that "CHRNG" could mean different things in other contexts or fields. If you are referring to a specific application, technology, or concept, could you provide more context?

CLCC1 (Chloride Channels, Voltage-Sensitive, 1) is a human gene that encodes a protein involved in chloride ion transport across cell membranes. This protein is part of a family of chloride channels and plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including fluid secretion, electrolyte balance, and cellular excitability. Mutations or dysregulation of CLCC1 have been linked to certain health conditions, particularly those affecting salt and fluid balance.

CLCN2, or Chloride Channel 2, is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the CLC (chloride channel) family of ion channels. These proteins play crucial roles in regulating the flow of chloride ions across cellular membranes, which is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis, volume regulation, and electrical excitability in various tissues.

CLCN3 is a gene that encodes a member of the chloride channel family, specifically a voltage-gated chloride channel. The protein produced by this gene is part of the CLC (chloride channel) family and plays a key role in maintaining ion homeostasis, regulating cell volume, and facilitating various physiological processes across different cell types. CLCN3 is located on chromosome 16 in humans and is expressed in various tissues, indicating its diverse functions.

CLCN4 (Chloride Channel 4) is a gene that encodes a member of the chloride channel protein family. This gene is situated on the X chromosome and is responsible for coding for a voltage-gated chloride ion channel. The protein it encodes is involved in various physiological processes by regulating chloride ion transport across cell membranes, which is crucial for maintaining cellular ion balance, electrical excitability of neurons, and overall cellular homeostasis.

CLCN5 is a gene that encodes a chloride channel protein, which is a member of the CLC (chloride channel) family of proteins. This family plays an essential role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of ion balance, electrical excitability of cells, and the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis. The CLCN5 protein specifically is primarily expressed in the kidneys, particularly in the renal proximal tubule cells, where it is involved in the reabsorption of chloride ions.

CLCN6 is a gene that encodes a member of the chloride channel family, specifically the CLC (chloride channel) family of proteins. This gene is located on chromosome 19 in humans and is involved in the transport of chloride ions across cellular membranes. Chloride channels play important roles in various physiological processes, including maintaining the cell's electrochemical gradient, regulating pH, and contributing to the excitability of neurons and muscle cells.

CLCN7 refers to a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the chloride channel family. This protein is primarily involved in the transport of chloride ions across cellular membranes. Chloride channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including cell volume regulation, electrical excitability of cells, and acid-base balance. Mutations in the CLCN7 gene have been associated with certain genetic disorders, particularly osteopetrosis, a condition characterized by abnormal bone density.

CLCNKA is a gene that encodes for a protein known as chloride channel 2 (also referred to as ClC-2). This protein is part of the CLC family of chloride channels, which are integral membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. The CLCNKA gene is particularly associated with various physiological processes, including maintaining cell volume, regulating electrical excitability in neurons, and contributing to the function of epithelial tissues.

CLCNKB is a gene that encodes the Chloride Channel 2, which is part of the CLC (Chloride Channel) family of proteins. CLCNKB is primarily expressed in the kidney and plays a crucial role in regulating chloride ion transport in epithelial tissues. This gene is involved in kidney function, specifically in the reabsorption of chloride ions, which is essential for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

CLIC1 (Chloride Intracellular Channel 1) is a protein that functions as a chloride ion channel found in various tissues, including the nervous system and the heart. It is part of the CLIC family of proteins, which are characterized by their ability to conduct chloride ions across cell membranes and their diverse roles in physiological processes.

CLIC2 (Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2) is a member of the CLIC (Chloride Intracellular Channel) protein family. These proteins are known to be involved in various cellular functions, including ion transport and regulation of cell volume. CLIC2, like other members of the CLIC family, is characterized by the presence of a conserved core that allows it to function as a chloride channel.

CLIC3 (Chloride Intracellular Ion Channel 3) is a protein that belongs to the CLIC (Chloride Intracellular Ion Channel) family of proteins. These proteins are involved in various cellular processes, including the regulation of ion transport across cell membranes. CLIC3 is known to function as an ion channel that facilitates the transport of chloride ions and may also have roles in cell signaling and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

CLIC4, or Chloride Intracellular Channel 4, is a protein that is part of the CLIC (Chloride Intracellular Channel) family. It functions primarily as a chloride ion channel, playing a role in cellular processes such as ion transport, volume regulation, and cell signaling. CLIC4 is unique among its family members because it is also believed to have functions related to cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as involvement in various pathological conditions, including cancer.

CLIC5 (Chloride Intracellular Channel 5) is a protein that is part of the CLIC (Chloride Intracellular Channel) family. These proteins are known for their role in cellular chloride ion transport and signaling. CLIC5, in particular, has been implicated in various physiological processes, including cell volume regulation, muscle contraction, and potentially playing a role in certain diseases.

CLIC6, or Chloride Intracellular Channel protein 6, is a protein that belongs to the CLIC (Chloride Intracellular Channel) family of proteins. These proteins are characterized by their ability to form ion channels that are selective for chloride ions, which play important roles in various cellular processes, including maintaining the cell's electrochemical gradient, regulating cell volume, and signaling. CLIC6 is involved in several physiological and pathological processes.

CLNS1A, or "Calsyntenin-1," is a protein encoded by the CLNS1A gene in humans. It is part of the calsyntenin family of proteins, which are involved in neural functions and are particularly expressed in neuronal tissues. Calsyntenins have been implicated in various processes, including synaptic function, neuronal development, and possibly the regulation of intracellular trafficking of proteins.

CLNS1B (Clathrin-Associated Protein, N-terminal Domain) is a protein that is encoded by the CLNS1B gene in humans. This protein is involved in various cellular processes, particularly in the context of endocytosis, where it plays a role in the trafficking and sorting of proteins and lipids within cells. CLNS1B is part of the clathrin-coated vesicle system, which is crucial for the internalization of molecules from the cell surface.

CNGB1 stands for "cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B," which is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the sensory transduction pathway in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Specifically, it is a part of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway that is crucial for vision.

Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating potassium ion (K+) flow across cell membranes. It is encoded by the **KCNMA1** gene in humans. The protein is part of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel family, which is known for its ability to be activated by both intracellular calcium ions and membrane depolarization.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins located in the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into and out of cells. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and the regulation of heartbeat. There are several types of calcium channels, which can be broadly categorized into: 1. **Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs)**: These channels open in response to changes in membrane potential.

The calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit, commonly referred to as **CACNA1H**, is a protein that forms part of a type of calcium channel in the body. Specifically, it is a subunit of the T-type calcium channels, which are involved in various physiological processes.

Calcium release-activated channels (CRAC channels) are a type of ion channel that is primarily involved in the regulation of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in cells. These channels play a crucial role in cellular signaling processes, particularly in response to various stimuli that lead to calcium release from internal stores, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

CatSper1 (Cation Channel of Sperm 1) is a protein encoded by the CATSPER1 gene in humans and is a part of the CatSper (Cation Channel of Sperm) family. It is a vital component of the ion channels that are predominantly expressed in the sperm cells of mammals.

CatSper2 is a channel protein that is part of the CatSper (cation channel of sperm) family. These channels are essential for sperm function and male fertility. CatSper proteins are found in the plasma membrane of sperm and are crucial for regulating calcium ion (Ca²⁺) influx into the sperm cell.

CatSper3 (CatSper channel 3) is a member of the CatSper (cation channel of sperm) family of ion channels, which are important for male fertility. These channels are primarily expressed in sperm cells and are crucial for processes such as sperm motility and the ability of sperm to navigate toward the egg during fertilization. CatSper channels are calcium-permeable ion channels that help regulate intracellular calcium levels in sperm.

CatSper4 is a protein that is part of the CatSper (Cation channel of sperm) family of ion channels, which are critical for sperm motility and fertility in many animals, including humans. These channels primarily facilitate the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into sperm cells, which is essential for various physiological processes, including sperm activation, movement, and the ability to fertilize an egg.

The cation channel superfamily refers to a diverse group of ion channels that primarily conduct cations, which are positively charged ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca²+), and magnesium (Mg²+). These channels play critical roles in various physiological processes, including the regulation of cellular excitability, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and signal transduction.

Cation channels of sperm are specialized ion channels located in the membranes of sperm cells that facilitate the flow of positively charged ions (cations) into and out of the sperm. These channels play a crucial role in sperm function, particularly in processes related to motility, fertilization, and hyperactivation.

Cav1.1 refers to a type of voltage-gated calcium channel that is primarily found in skeletal muscle cells. It is a crucial component in the excitation-contraction coupling process, which translates electrical signals from the nervous system into muscle contraction. Cav1.1 is a large protein, and its full name is "calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit.

Cav1.2 is a type of voltage-gated calcium channel that is predominantly found in cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as in neurons. It is a member of the Cav1 family of calcium channels and is also known as the alpha-1C subunit of the channel. These channels are critical for the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into cells, which is essential for various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

Cav1.3 refers to a specific subtype of voltage-gated calcium channels known as the Cav1.3 channel, which is encoded by the CACNA1D gene in humans. These channels are part of the larger family of calcium channels and play a crucial role in various physiological processes. ### Key Features of Cav1.3: 1. **Function**: Cav1.

Cav1.4 refers to a specific type of voltage-gated calcium channel, which is part of the Cav1 family of channels. These channels are crucial for the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into cells in response to membrane depolarization. Cav1.4 is primarily found in the retina, particularly in photoreceptor cells (such as rods and cones) and some bipolar cells. Key features of Cav1.

Cav2.1, also known as P/Q-type calcium channels, is a member of the voltage-gated calcium channel family. These channels are critical for various physiological processes, including neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and other cellular signaling mechanisms. Cav2.1 channels are primarily found in the central nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. The term "Cav2.

The term "channelome" refers to the complete set of ion channels expressed in a particular cell, tissue, or organism. Ion channels are proteins that facilitate the movement of ions across cell membranes, played crucial roles in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells.

Channelrhodopsin is a type of light-sensitive ion channel primarily derived from certain species of green algae. These proteins are important tools in the field of optogenetics, a technique that allows researchers to control neuronal activity using light. Channelrhodopsins function by changing conformation in response to light, typically blue or green wavelengths, which allows ions such as sodium or calcium to flow into the cell.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 (CNGA1) is a protein that is part of the family of ion channels known as cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. These channels are primarily involved in the sensory transduction processes in the visual and olfactory systems, allowing for the conversion of chemical signals into electrical signals in response to cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP).

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2 (CNG channel alpha 2) refers to a protein that is part of a group of ion channels known as cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. These channels are primarily involved in sensory transduction processes, particularly in the olfactory system (for smell) and in photoreceptors in the retina (for vision).

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3 (CNGA3) is a protein that forms a part of the ion channel complex involved in sensory transduction, particularly in photoreceptors in the retina. It is one of the alpha subunits of the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, which are sensitive to cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP).

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4 (also known as CNGA4) is a protein that forms part of a channel in the cell membrane. It is encoded by the **CNGA4** gene in humans. These channels are primarily involved in the sensory transduction processes for vision and olfaction (the sense of smell).

Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 (CNGB3) is a protein that is a part of the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, which are a type of ion channel that is activated by the binding of cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels are a type of ion channel that are primarily activated by cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). These channels are critical components in various physiological processes, particularly in sensory transduction, including vision and olfaction.

Cys-loop receptors are a family of neurotransmitter receptors that are characterized by their structural signature known as the "Cys-loop." These receptors are integral membrane proteins that mediate fast synaptic transmission in the nervous system. They are named after a conserved cysteine (Cys) loop in their extracellular domain, which is pivotal for their function.

F15845 does not correspond to a widely recognized product, term, or concept in my training data. It might be a specific identifier, a product code, a model number, or something relevant to a particular field. If you can provide more context or specify the category (e.g., technology, science, literature, etc.

GABAA receptors are a type of receptor in the central nervous system that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABAA receptors are ionotropic receptors, meaning they are ligand-gated ion channels.

GABRA2 is a gene that encodes a subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, specifically the GABA-A receptor. GABA receptors are critical for inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, playing a key role in regulating neuronal excitability and maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The GABRA2 gene is involved in various functions, including modulation of anxiety, sedation, and the development of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders.

GABRA3 is a gene that encodes the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor subunit alpha3. GABA receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and play a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The GABRA3 protein is part of the pentameric structure that forms the GABA A receptor, which consists of five subunits.

GABRA4 is a gene that encodes the alpha-4 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor. GABA receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in modulating neuronal excitability and contributing to the regulation of various brain functions, including anxiety, mood, and muscle relaxation.

GABRA5 is a gene that encodes the alpha-5 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABAAR). GABAARs are integral membrane proteins that mediate the inhibitory neurotransmitter effects of GABA in the brain. The GABAAR is a pentameric structure, meaning it is composed of five subunits, which can be a combination of different types of subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.).

GABRA6 is a gene that encodes the alpha-6 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system.

GABRB1, or gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1, is a protein-coding gene in humans. It encodes a subunit of the GABA_A receptor, which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) plays a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

GABRB2 is a gene that encodes the beta-2 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system. GABA receptors are integral in regulating neuronal excitability and play a key role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. The GABA receptor is a pentameric complex, meaning it is composed of five subunits.

GABRB3 (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Receptor Subunit Beta-3) is a gene that encodes a subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, which is a type of neurotransmitter receptor responsible for mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system.

GABRD (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Delta) is a gene that encodes a subunit of the GABA receptor, which is a type of neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.