An RNase III enzyme contributing to canonical nuclear microRNA precursor processing. A global processing perturbation affects many RNAs rather than testing one miRNA specifically.

An exonuclease removes nucleotides from an end of a nucleic acid, in contrast to an endonuclease that cuts internal bonds. Direction, strand preference and substrate structure vary between enzymes. A proofreading exonuclease associated with some DNA polymerases can remove an incorrectly added terminal nucleotide before synthesis resumes. Consequently, exonucleolytic removal and polymerization can contribute to accuracy through different catalytic activities. ^[ref]

A heme-thiolate enzyme superfamily whose members catalyse diverse oxidative transformations. The name originates from the characteristic approximately 450 nm absorption of the reduced carbon-monoxide-bound form.

The enzyme machinery that assembles fatty-acid chains from activated carbon units through repeated condensation and reduction.

An enzyme transferring an acyl group to an acceptor; substrate specificity contributes to lipid molecular-species diversity.

A family of bacterial envelope enzymes including peptidoglycan transpeptidases and other activities. The specific catalytic repertoire differs among members.

A peptidoglycan-cleaving enzyme used in controlled cell-wall remodeling and separation; unregulated activity can cause lysis.

A phenazine-modifying methyltransferase participating in pyocyanin biosynthesis.

Together with PhzS, it helps convert a core phenazine product into pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Changes in a modifying step can alter the mixture of final products even when core phenazine biosynthesis remains active. ^[ref]

A flavin-dependent phenazine-modifying monooxygenase participating in pyocyanin biosynthesis.

Its oxygen-dependent chemistry complements the methylation step associated with PhzM during pyocyanin formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Measuring the final pigment alone does not identify which core or modifying reaction limited its production. ^[ref]

An enzyme transferring electrons from NADPH to oxygen. Plant respiratory-burst oxidase homologues can generate extracellular reactive oxygen species participating in redox signalling.

Micrococcal nuclease is a calcium-dependent nuclease capable of cleaving DNA and RNA. In chromatin analysis, accessible connecting DNA is often cut more readily than DNA protected by nucleosomes. The recovered fragment distribution can therefore report protection patterns, but sequence preference and digestion extent affect interpretation: a fragment boundary is not automatically an exact unperturbed cellular boundary. ^[ref]

A biophotovoltaic device couples photosynthetic biological activity to an external electrical circuit. Measured current depends on intracellular electron supply, export, electrode reactions and abiotic background.

A redox mediator transfers reducing equivalents between components through changes in oxidation state. A current-enhancing additive is not necessarily a mediator unless its redox participation and regeneration are established.

An electrode’s potential relative to a specified reference, conventionally tabulated for its reduction half-reaction.

For a cell reaction transferring $n$ electrons, $E=E^{\circ }-(RT/nF)\ln Q$, with dimensionless reaction quotient $Q$ and consistently chosen standard states.

Displacement of electrode or cell voltage from equilibrium under current flow. Kinetic, transport and resistive contributions should be separated.

An electrochemical energy converter supplied continuously with fuel and oxidant; operating voltage and current depend on kinetics and transport as well as equilibrium potential.

Suppression of further interfacial reaction by a protective surface layer. A passive film can also impede useful charge transfer; its role depends on the electrode and operating conditions.

A rotating disk electrode is a flat disk electrode rotated at a controlled angular speed. Rotation drives fluid motion that makes the reactant transport layer reproducible.

For an appropriate diffusion-limited reaction, the limiting electric current varies as the square root of angular speed. Comparing measured current with that transport dependence helps distinguish a mass-transfer limit from slow interfacial electron transfer.