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The space between the two chloroplast envelope membranes.
It is topologically distinct from both the chloroplast stroma and the thylakoid lumen. Naming the compartments prevents a transport measurement across one barrier from being mistaken for transport across the entire chloroplast membrane system. [ref]
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition by Bruce Alberts and others. Chapters 12, 18 and 19, compartments, division and cell junctions
Separates chloroplast intermembrane space from chloroplast stroma.
Its selective transport systems help maintain the distinct composition of the chloroplast stroma. The thylakoid membrane is a separate internal membrane, so an imported molecule reaching the stroma has not automatically reached the thylakoid lumen. [ref]
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition by Bruce Alberts and others. Chapters 12, 18 and 19, compartments, division and cell junctions
Separates surrounding cytosol from chloroplast intermembrane space.
Together with the inner chloroplast envelope membrane, it defines the boundary of the chloroplast. Crossing the envelope and entering the thylakoid lumen are different transport problems because the thylakoid system supplies an additional membrane barrier. [ref]
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition by Bruce Alberts and others. Chapters 12, 18 and 19, compartments, division and cell junctions
IceCube turns Antarctic ice into a Cherenkov detector: digital optical modules on strings span depths of –. Hot-water drilling allowed deployment before refreezing. Neutrino interactions produce charged particles; their Cherenkov radiation, rather than the incoming neutrino, supplies the optical readout.[ref]
Neutrino astronomy asks where the incoming neutrino originated. A Cherenkov detector asks how its reaction products make measurable light. Connecting these questions requires track reconstruction, detection efficiency and background tests. An astronomical messenger and the light carrying information inside the apparatus are different stages of one inference.
How can a detector establish that an unseen particle changes identity? The Super-Kamiokande atmospheric-neutrino experiment compares different travel paths; the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory compares different interaction channels. Both infer neutrino flavor from reaction products and calibrated responses. Their complementarity connects particle detection to neutrino oscillation, neutrino mass and neutrino astronomy.
Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald shared the 2015 physics Nobel Prize. These were collaboration achievements: Yoichiro Suzuki's Super-Kamiokande work included the solar neutrino analysis, and George Ewan helped establish and lead the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.[ref]
ICRR’s Takaaki Kajita to share Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics by Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo. Research contributions of Kajita and Suzuki; shared 2015 prize
[ref]https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/queen-s-remembers-professor-emeritus-george-ewan/. 17 December 2020: founding and joint leadership of SNO
The older Kamiokande account explains water Cherenkov neutrino reconstruction; Raymond Davis Jr.'s Homestake experiment explains why a deficit in an electron neutrino channel alone leaves a source-versus-propagation ambiguity. Complementary channels can break that ambiguity.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact