Awarded in equal shares to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman for explaining the quantum field theory of electroweak interactions.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1999 summary: equal halves; quantum structure of electroweak interactions.
For foundational work in information and communication technology, Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer received one quarter each for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. Jack S. Kilby received one half for his part in inventing the integrated circuit.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2000 summary: Alferov and Kroemer one quarter each for semiconductor heterostructures; Kilby one half for integrated circuits.
Awarded in equal thirds to Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman for achieving Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute alkali atom gases and investigating the resulting condensates.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2001 summary: equal thirds; dilute alkali-gas condensation and early fundamental studies of condensate properties.
One quarter each went to Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba for pioneering astrophysics through detection of cosmic neutrinos. One half went to Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering astrophysics leading to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2002 summary: Davis and Koshiba one quarter each for cosmic neutrinos; Giacconi one half for cosmic X-ray sources.
Awarded in equal thirds to Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett for pioneering theoretical contributions to superconductors and superfluids.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2003 summary: equal thirds; theory of superconductors and superfluids.
Awarded in equal thirds to David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek for discovering asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2004 summary: Gross, Politzer and Wilczek one third each for asymptotic freedom in the strong interaction.
One half went to Roy J. Glauber for contributions to the quantum theory of optical coherence. One quarter each went to John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch for developing precision laser spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2005 summary: Glauber one half for quantum optical coherence; Hall and Hänsch one quarter each for laser-based precision spectroscopy including frequency combs.
Awarded in equal shares to John C. Mather and George F. Smoot for discovering the black-body radiation form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2006 summary: Mather and Smoot one half each; blackbody form and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation.
Awarded in equal shares to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for discovering giant magnetoresistance.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2007 summary: Fert and Grünberg one half each for giant magnetoresistance.
One half went to Yoichiro Nambu for discovering the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in subatomic physics. One quarter each went to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for explaining broken symmetry through a mechanism requiring at least three families of quarks.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2008 summary: Nambu one half; Kobayashi and Maskawa one quarter each, with the two distinct symmetry-breaking contributions specified.
One half went to Charles Kuen Kao for breakthroughs in transmitting light through optical fibers for communication. One quarter each went to Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith for inventing the charge-coupled device imaging sensor.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2009 summary: Kao one half for optical-fiber communication; Boyle and Smith one quarter each for the CCD imaging sensor.
Awarded in equal shares to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional material graphene.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Geim and Novoselov one half each; experiments on two-dimensional graphene.
One half went to Saul Perlmutter, and one quarter each to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Perlmutter one half; Schmidt and Riess one quarter each; cosmic acceleration from distant supernovae.
Awarded in equal shares to Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland for experimental methods enabling measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Haroche and Wineland one half each; measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
Awarded in equal shares to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism explaining the origin of mass in subatomic particles, confirmed by discovery of the predicted particle in the ATLAS experiment and CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Englert and Higgs one half each; theoretical mass mechanism and its experimental confirmation.
Awarded in equal thirds to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for inventing efficient blue light-emitting diodes enabling bright, energy-saving white light sources.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura one third each; efficient blue LEDs enabling white lighting.
Awarded in equal shares to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for discovering neutrino oscillations, showing that neutrinos have mass.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Kajita and McDonald one half each; neutrino oscillations establish neutrino mass.
One half went to David J. Thouless, and one quarter each to F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, for theoretical discoveries concerning topological phase transitions and topological quantum matter.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Thouless one half; Haldane and Kosterlitz one quarter each for topological phase transitions and phases of matter.
One half went to Rainer Weiss, and one quarter each to Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne, for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves.[ref]
Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Official 3 October 2017 award decision: Weiss one half, remaining half jointly to Barish and Thorne; their individual official facts records explicitly give one quarter each.
One half went to Arthur Ashkin for optical tweezers and their biological applications. One quarter each went to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland for a method of generating intense, ultrashort optical pulses.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Ashkin one half for optical tweezers and biological applications; Mourou and Strickland one quarter each for intense ultrashort optical pulses.
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