Awarded in equal shares to Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg for contributions to unified weak interactions and electromagnetic interactions, including the prediction of the neutral current.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: three equal thirds; unified weak and electromagnetic interactions and predicted neutral current.
Awarded in equal shares to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch for discovering violations of fundamental symmetry principles in neutral kaon decay.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1980 summary: equal halves; fundamental symmetry violations in neutral K-meson decay.
Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow received one quarter each for developing laser spectroscopy. Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn received one half for developing high-resolution electron spectroscopy.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual 1981 record reproduced in laser-physics lecture slides: Bloembergen and Schawlow one-quarter each, laser spectroscopy; Siegbahn one-half, electron spectroscopy. Official individual Siegbahn facts independently confirms his half and distinct motivation.
Awarded to Kenneth Geddes Wilson for his theory of critical phenomena associated with phase transitions.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1982 summary: sole laureate, theory of critical phenomena and phase transitions; official summary uses Kenneth G. Wilson, expanded name verified separately in worker professional metadata.
One half went to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for theoretical studies of processes governing stellar structure and evolution. The other half went to William Alfred Fowler for theoretical and experimental studies of nuclear reactions involved in forming the chemical elements in the universe.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1983 summary: equal halves; stellar structure/evolution and nuclear reactions forming chemical elements are distinct motivations.
Awarded in equal shares to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for decisive contributions to the project that discovered the and particles mediating the weak interaction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1984 summary: equal halves; decisive contributions to the project discovering W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
Awarded to Klaus von Klitzing for discovering the quantum Hall effect.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1985 summary: sole laureate, quantized Hall-effect discovery.
Ernst Ruska received one half for fundamental work in electron optics and designing the first electron microscope. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer received one quarter each for designing the scanning tunneling microscope.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1986 summary: Ruska one half for electron optics and the first electron microscope; Binnig and Rohrer one quarter each for scanning tunneling microscopy.
Awarded in equal shares to Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller for the breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1987 summary: equal halves; breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
Awarded in equal thirds to Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger for the neutrino-beam method and demonstrating the doublet structure of leptons through discovery of the muon neutrino.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Official Steinberger facts: one-third share, three named laureates and neutrino-beam/lepton-doublet motivation; the equal three-person partition follows from the official Nobel Foundation rule.
Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. received one half for inventing the separated oscillatory fields method and applying it to the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks. Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul received one quarter each for developing ion trap techniques.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1989 summary: Ramsey one half, Dehmelt and Paul one quarter each; separated fields and clocks versus ion trapping.
Awarded in equal thirds to Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall and Richard Edward Taylor for investigations of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from protons and bound neutrons, essential to developing the quark model.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1990 summary: three one-third shares; deep inelastic electron scattering from protons and bound neutrons and its importance to the quark model.
Awarded to Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for extending methods for studying ordering in simple systems to complex matter, especially liquid crystals and polymers.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1991 summary: sole laureate; ordering methods extended to liquid crystals and polymers.
Awarded to Georges Charpak for inventing and developing particle detectors, especially the multiwire proportional chamber.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Official 14 October 1992 award decision names Georges Charpak alone; invention and development of particle detectors, particularly the multiwire proportional chamber.
Awarded in equal shares to Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. for discovering a new type of pulsar that opened new possibilities for studying gravity.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1993 summary: equal halves; discovery of a new pulsar type enabling gravitation studies.
For pioneering neutron scattering techniques for studying condensed matter, Bertram Neville Brockhouse received one half for developing neutron spectroscopy, while Clifford Glenwood Shull received one half for developing neutron diffraction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1994 summary: equal halves; Brockhouse neutron spectroscopy and Shull neutron diffraction are distinct contributions.
For pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, one half went to Martin Lewis Perl for discovering the tau lepton; the other half went to Frederick Reines for detecting the neutrino.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1995 summary: equal halves; tau-lepton discovery versus neutrino detection.
Awarded in equal thirds to David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson for discovering superfluidity in helium-3.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1996 summary: three one-third shares; discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
Awarded in equal thirds to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips for developing methods to cool and trap chemical atoms using lasers.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1997 summary: three one-third shares; methods for cooling and trapping atoms with laser light.
Awarded in equal thirds to Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui for discovering a new quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1998 summary: equal thirds; new quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.