Primary preprint record and full paper. Section 3 defines the Clifford group as the normalizer of the Pauli group; Table 1 gives the generator conjugations used to track Clifford circuits. The preprint was submitted on 1 July 1998 and the conference contribution was published in 1999, preceding the examination.
Publisher DOI. Australian Journal of Physics 18(2), 119–134. Publication identity is also recorded in the author's university thesis addendum. The mathematical acceptance-rule proof is given directly in Barker acceptance probability; no uninspected numbered equation from the historical paper is asserted.
Cited sections: Fundamental Plasma Parameters and Coulomb Collisions, printed pp. 28–34. Temperature in the practical collision-rate formulas is in eV and density in cubic centimetres; SI conversions must be made explicitly.
Equations (5)–(6) give the opposite polarization slopes and relative longitudinal/transverse weights of a spin-one hadronic recoil. This later reference verifies the calculation; its results are not presented as 2015 experimental evidence.
Independent Tevatron observation in dilepton and single-lepton channels.
Independent Tevatron observation using top-pair decay signatures.
Comparison of electron-flavour and total active solar-neutrino flux through charged-current, neutral-current and elastic-scattering channels.
The initial direct tau-neutrino observation in nuclear emulsion; preprint submitted in December 2000.
Prompt charm source and model of tau-flavour flux in the fixed-target experiment.
Four tau-appearance candidates and the significance of the pre-examination result.
Combined accelerator and atmospheric analysis; independent context for the atmospheric splitting, not recovery of a missing examination figure.
The NIST Center for Neutron Research table lists bound coherent and incoherent scattering lengths, cross sections and isotopic abundances, citing the 1992 Neutron News compilation. Natural-element coherent lengths include K fm, Cl fm, Al fm and Si fm. Nuclear contrast is not fixed by the number of atomic electrons.
The mass table on page 1 gives the charged-pion rest energy MeV, useful for converting a pion's total energy into its momentum.
Page 1, equation (1), distinguishes the total invisible Z boson width from the partial width of a single active neutrino species. It defines the effective neutrino count through the ratio of these quantities.
Equation (72.1), page 1, gives the leading leptonic pseudoscalar decay width, including the decay constant, quark-mixing element and helicity and threshold factors.
Sections 72.1–72.2 define pseudoscalar decay constants, distinguish radiative effects and discuss independent lattice determinations of needed to extract Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements from weak decay rates.
Pages 1015–1017 describe the nuclear recoil selection, magnetic analysis, resonance-scattered counting and negative neutrino helicity conclusion.
A tabulation of Ca II configurations, terms, J values and level energies, including the common Ca III ionization limit. It independently verifies the level assignments used for the optical and infrared series.
CERN explains the pickup-and-kicker feedback arrangement, including measurement of sample deviations and downstream electric-field corrections. This operational description distinguishes beam feedback from isolated Hamiltonian focusing.
The original paper treats quantum measurement through correlations in a unitary relative-state description. Its statistical argument must be distinguished from a postulated dynamical collapse.
Primary research monograph, arXiv:1703.09735, 2017; inspected abstract on magnetization and low equilibrium temperatures.
The low-lying levels have the configuration. The ground level is followed by and at and .
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 59, 353–389; arXiv v4, 2007. Sections 2–3 distinguish particle, matter-density and flash primitive ontologies.
Nature Physics 8, 475–478; arXiv v3, 18 November 2012. Equations (1)–(5) specify the exclusion argument and composition assumptions; Appendices A–B generalize it and treat errors.
Foundations of Physics 40, 125–157; preprint 2007. Distinguishes overlap of pure-state preparation measures from incompleteness of a psi-ontic description.
Author preprint. Sections 4–5 develop equivalence and decision-theoretic arguments, including the role of measurement neutrality.
Journal of Statistical Physics 116, 959–1055; preprint 2003. Derives the effective measurement formalism using equilibrium and the apparatus configuration.
Author manuscript, December 1995; published in Experimental Metaphysics in 1997. Discusses the absence of back-reaction and a law-like universal wave function.
Physics Reports 379, 257–426. Sections 10–11 address the mass interpretation and tails, with the authors' explicit defence of macroscopic localization.
Physical Review D 34, 470–491. Original spontaneous-localization model with a rare microscopic rate and macroscopic amplification.
Physics Physique Fizika 1, 195–200. Sections II–V formulate local response functions and compare their correlations with the spin-singlet predictions.
Physical Review 48, 696–702. Pages 699–700 discuss the diaphragm and distinguish mechanical disturbance from conditions for prediction.
Physical Review 47, 777–780. The reality criterion and position–momentum inference are distinct from later Bell inequalities.
Section 3.5 explains the use of Bethe theory and experimentally fitted low-energy stopping powers.
The experiment identifies tau lepton pairs with mixed electron-muon decays and missing energy, and subtracts a nonresonant continuum contribution. This provides a concrete implementation of a leptonic tau lepton selection near the charmonium threshold.
The Delta baryon listing distinguishes a Breit-Wigner mass near and decay width near from complex-pole parameters. External tabulated values cannot replace readings from a missing experimental figure.
Official edition: pdg.lbl.gov/2021/
The tau lepton listing gives the electronic branching fraction on page 6. The Z boson listing gives the hadronic-to-single-lepton partial-width ratio on page 9.
The institutional carbon spectral line table explicitly separates vacuum and air wavelengths. Its C I line is a vacuum wavelength, while its C I line is an air wavelength. Their differing conventions matter when converting line positions into atomic energy differences.
Section 62.1 distinguishes inner bremsstrahlung from structure-dependent radiative pion decay and their interference. Equations (62.3)–(62.4) give the double differential decay width in terms of the scaled photon and charged-lepton energies and the squared lepton-to-meson mass ratio.
Nature 604, 457–462, published 20 April 2022. The abstract reports programmable gate-model neutral-atom quantum algorithms, and the experiment uses controlled-phase gates between neutral-atom qubits. This predates the June 2022 examination.
The sections on saturation intensity and resonant scattering cross sections, including Table 7, distinguish different polarizations and sublevel preparations for real sodium. They explain why a statistical fine-structure two-level system cross section need not equal that of a selected closed hyperfine structure transition.
Tabulated strontium electron configurations, atomic terms, total angular momentum and energy levels in . Multiplication by converts to . The entries for and independently test assignments inferred from rounded optical wavelengths.
The ATLAS Collaboration reports the ATLAS evidence for light-by-light scattering in 2017 from ultra-peripheral collisions of lead ions. The paper states the event selection and background estimate; its abstract gives the candidate count and the fiducial scattering cross-section.
Section 15.3 discusses mesons; section 15.5.2, printed p. 19, explains that adding the charm quark gives flavour , which is strongly broken by the large charm quark mass but remains useful for classification. This supports distinguishing an approximate flavour symmetry from the existence of a four-flavour quark model.
Section 3 gives the Standard Model branching rules of the representations and . Their cubic gauge anomaly coefficients are and , respectively; one with two therefore cancels this gauge anomaly. Additional charged fermions can form a vectorlike gauge spectrum with invariant mass terms.
Original article catalogued by CERN: cds.cern.ch/record/721864
By David P. DiVincenzo. The five requirements for a quantum computer are developed in Section III; Section IV adds requirements for quantum communication.
Physical Letters B 584, 251–259. doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.01.041
The collaboration selected 730 candidates with an estimated background events and measured a branching fraction . This is an observed weak radiative channel, not an electromagnetic flavour-conserving decay.
The final average table supplies the , and branching fractions, and the last paragraph supplies . This is a later experimental cross-check, not data provided in the 2012 paper.
Section 2.7 discusses fundamental matter and the perturbative Higgs mechanism spectrum of an SU(2) gauge theory.
Physical Review Letters 41, 281; erratum Physical Review Letters 42, 746. The primary abstract proposes baryon-number-violating early-universe reactions in unified gauge theories. Its particular numerical model is not assumed as an established prediction here.
Physical Review D 87, 012008. Full 2011 7 TeV sample, inclusive jets and missing-momentum search. Sections III, IX and XI describe the strategy, background estimates and interpretation. This source predates the April 2013 examination; it is distinct from the later 8 TeV analysis.
The institutional lecture derives the outgoing branch, boundary amplitudes and signed charge-current balance for a scalar particle at an electrostatic step. Equations 4.142–4.155 distinguish ordinary transmission, evanescence and the negative-kinetic-energy regime; the following discussion interprets the latter through pair creation.
This primary paper distinguishes canonical ideal-gas reduced density matrices from the grand-canonical Wick factorization. It studies how particle statistics and ensemble choice affect one- and two-body correlations. Its date is later than the examination; it corroborates the state-assumption distinction rather than documenting what was available to candidates in 2013.
The primary paper derives the geometric phase accompanying adiabatic transport around a closed parameter loop. Section 4 treats a spinning particle in a slowly changing magnetic field, with quantum phase proportional to its magnetic quantum number and the enclosed solid angle.
Physical Review 136, B1240. Primary experimental study with a double-lens beta spectrometer. The abstract distinguishes the allowed indium spectrum from the unique first-forbidden potassium, rubidium, strontium and yttrium spectra, and reports deviations from their simplest shape models. This is not an experimental measurement of yttrium-91 or the source exam's plotted points.
Jeffrey H. Shapiro's MIT 6.453 lecture slides develop optical quadrature wavefunctions, minimum-uncertainty states and squeezing. Slides9–12 are on physical PDF pp.5–6; their quadrature convention has vacuum variance .
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, pp. 175–179. The linked author-uploaded scan reproduces the original proceedings paper; its arXiv upload date is 2020.
Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 212–219.
Physical Review Letters 68, 2981–2984. Authored research paper introducing a two-particle inequality-free nonlocality argument.
Physical Review Letters 78, 5–8 (1997); erratum Physical Review Letters 81, 5475 (1998). Primary torsion-pendulum measurement of a boundary-dependent electromagnetic interaction between conducting surfaces.
Ling-An Wu, H. J. Kimble, John L. Hall and Huifa Wu reported cavity degenerate parametric down conversion and below-vacuum optical quadrature noise measured by balanced homodyne detection. The publisher abstract also emphasizes attenuation when comparing measured and inferred squeezing. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2520
Authored chapter2 of the lecture notes on gauge theory. Section2.3.2, printed pp56–58, develops the quantum-mechanical double-well analogy before its gauge-theory application.
Publisher record: Physical Review Letters 79, 553 (1997), published 28 July 1997; erratum in volume 80, 2967 (1998). doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.553
The cover carries an internal 2021 date, while the title page specifies publication on 31 January 2022. The institutional report gives evaluation conventions, spin/parity evidence criteria and electromagnetic transition-strength benchmarks. www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensdf/evalcorner/pdfs/Evaluators_Guidelines_2021_V2.pdf
Physical Review 75, 1912–1925 (1949). Primary classical calculation of total radiated power and the angular and spectral properties of accelerated energetic electrons.
Nature 390, 575–579. Dik Bouwmeester and colleagues' original selected-outcome optical quantum teleportation report.
Peter W. Shor's quantum integer factorization and discrete logarithm algorithms. SIAM Journal on Computing 26, 1484–1509.
Bruno Rossi and David B. Hall, Physical Review 59, 223–228 (1941). The primary experiment compared more and less penetrating cosmic-ray particle populations and found momentum-dependent decay rates compatible with relativistic moving-clock rates.
The NIST table identifies the2s²2p² ground configuration with³P₀ lowest and lists its³P,¹D and¹S levels. This is atomic reference data, not a worked examination answer set.
Reviews of Modern Physics 20, 367–387. The original path integral formulation weights histories by their classical action phase. doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367
Physical Review A 57, 120 (1998); preprint cond-mat/9701055. Section II develops coupled single-electron spin qubits and electrically controlled exchange.
JHEP 09 (2014), 176. Full title writes the collision energy as . Inclusive zero-lepton jets-plus-missing-momentum search with control-region background inference.
Physical Review Letters 59, 2044–2046. The experiment combines down-converted photon pairs at a beam splitter, scans relative path delay and records coincidences after accounting for accidental background; the ideal balanced, indistinguishable limit suppresses the coincidence output.
Physical Review Letters 71, 666–669. Equations (1)–(5) explicitly solve the two-coordinate-coupled-oscillator ground state, partial trace and effective thermal oscillator spectrum. The effective frequency need not equal either bare subsystem frequency.
Physical Review Letters 75, 4337–4341. Primary experimental paper.
The experiment uses noncollinear type-II down-conversion, birefringent walk-off compensation and polarization-dependent coincidence measurements.
Physical Review Letters 34, 307. Primary experimental paper.
The abstract reports a frequency-doubled pulsed dye laser near 243 nm and a simultaneous Balmer reference measurement.
Physical Review Letters 84, 806–809. Primary experiment.
The experiment rotates a weak optical anisotropy in a magnetic trap and images vortex cores after expansion.
Equations (26)–(29) give the Breit-Rabi energies and clock-transition shift; the magnetic-data table gives the quadratic shift coefficient. This reference refines atomic constants; it was not supplied with the historical exam.
The official evaluator guidance includes the beta-transition selection rules and the meaning of analogue superallowed transitions in its “General Policies — Theory” section on physical PDF page 3.
Nature 144, 476–477. The accessible abstract directly connects the observed deuteron electric quadrupole moment to orientation-dependent proton–neutron forces; the complete subscription article was not inspected.
By National Institute of Standards and Technology. Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data, neutral helium He I table.
The table provides ground, singlet and triplet excitation energies as spectroscopic wavenumbers, and the He II ground-state ionization limit. Multiply by with consistent inverse-length units to obtain excitation energy.
By National Institute of Standards and Technology. Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data, neutral oxygen O I table.
The first configuration block specifies as the zero-energy level, followed by its fine-structure partners.
Primary evaluated transition-energy database. The copper experimental entry is near and can be converted into the Cu K wavelength with . physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/XrayTrans/search.pl?element=Cu&lower=&units=eV&upper=
American Journal of Physics 57, 117–120. Original experimental paper reporting single-electron interference recorded with an electron biprism and a position-sensitive counting detector.
Second part of David Bohm's account of de Broglie-Bohm theory, treating measurement and the relation to ordinary predictions. Published in Physical Review 85, starting at page 180.
First part of David Bohm's two-paper account of de Broglie-Bohm theory, published in Physical Review 85, starting at page 166.
Published in Physical Review Letters 67, starting at page 661, on 5 August 1991. It proposes using Bell correlations for quantum key distribution, linking a foundational correlation test to an operational cryptographic task.
Published in Physical Review D 24, starting at page 1516, on 15 September 1981. The apparatus-environment interaction is used to identify robust recorded observables and their pointer basis.
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