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An abstract smooth surface is a two-dimensional smooth manifold. Thus it is a Hausdorff second-countable space with an atlas of plane-valued coordinate charts whose transition maps are smooth.

An affine connection on a smooth manifold is a connection on a vector bundle for its tangent bundle. It satisfies ${\nabla }_{fX}Y=f{\nabla }_{X}Y$ and ${\nabla }_X(fY)=X(f)Y+f{\nabla }_{X}Y$. Its curvature isThe Leibniz rule makes curvature tensorial in all three slots. An affine connection is also called a linear connection on the manifold; a Levi-Civita connection is the distinguished torsion-free metric-compatible example.

On a compact smooth manifold without boundary, every smooth self-map sufficiently $C^1$-close to a diffeomorphism is a diffeomorphism. Reducing to a map near the identity, invertibility of its differential follows uniformly by compactness. It is then a proper local diffeomorphism, hence a finite covering map. Sufficient $C^0$ closeness gives a homotopy to the identity on each component; its induced map on the fundamental group is surjective. The covering therefore has one sheet on each component, proving the assertion. This lets a nearby Lagrangian submanifold transverse to cotangent fibers be represented by a single global differential one-form graph.

A compact manifold is a smooth manifold whose underlying topological space is compact. Every smooth vector field on a compact manifold without boundary has a flow defined for all real time. On a manifold with boundary, tangency to the boundary or an appropriate inward-flow condition must also be imposed.

A complex structure on a real vector space or vector bundle is an endomorphism $J$ satisfying $J^2=-I$. On a smooth manifold, an integrable complex structure determines holomorphic coordinate charts.

For coordinates $x,y$ on a smooth manifold, fibre coefficients of a cotangent space element obey $b_j={\sum }_i{a}_i\partial x^i/\partial y^j$. Thus induced cotangent bundle charts change by $(x,a)\mapsto (y(x),b)$ with smooth, invertible, fibre-linear changes. The canonical one-form on a cotangent bundle satisfies ${\sum }_i{a}_{i}d{x}^i={\sum }_j{b}_{j}d{y}^j$, and differentiating proves invariance of its exterior derivative.

For a free smooth action of a finite group $G$ on a smooth manifold $M$, the quotient projection inducesInvariant differential forms descend uniquely through local inverse branches of the covering map. Averaging by $|G{|}^{-1}{\sum }_{g\in G}{g}^{\ast }$ commutes with the exterior derivative, produces invariant representatives of invariant classes, and produces an invariant primitive for every invariant exact form. Hence taking invariant forms and taking invariant cohomology give the same result over the real numbers.

At $p$ on a smooth manifold, a derivation at that point is a real-linear map $v:C_p^{\infty }(M)\to \mathbb{R}$ on germs of smooth functions with $v(fh)=f(p)v(h)+h(p)v(f)$. It defines a tangent vector. The local factorization $f-f(p)={\sum }_i(x^i-x^i(p))f_i$ gives $v(f)={\sum }_{i}v(x^i){\partial }_{i}f(p)$, so the coordinate derivations form a basis of the tangent space.

Every real-linear derivation of an algebra $D:C^{\infty }(M)\to C^{\infty }(M)$ on a smooth manifold has the form $Dh=Z(h)$ for a unique smooth vector field $Z$. The product rule makes $D$ local: multiplying a function that vanishes near a point by a smooth cutoff function supported there gives zero derivative at that point. Locally write $h(x)=h(p)+{\sum }_i(x^i-x^i(p))h_i(x)$, where $h_i(p)={\partial }_{i}h(p)$. Applying $D$ at $p$ gives $Dh(p)={\sum }_{i}D(x^i)(p){\partial }_{i}h(p)$; the smooth coefficients $D(x^i)$ define the claimed vector field. No continuity hypothesis is needed. In dimension zero all such derivations vanish.

A topological manifold has dimension $n$ when its manifold charts have coordinate domains open in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$. For a smooth manifold, each tangent space has dimension $n$, and a tangent bundle has vector bundle rank $n$.

A rank-$k$ distribution on a smooth manifold is a rank-$k$ vector subbundle of its tangent bundle. It is involutive when the Lie bracket of vector fields of any two local sections is again a section.

A fiber metric on a real smooth vector bundle is a positive-definite inner product on each fiber that varies smoothly in vector bundle trivializations. A smooth partition of unity subordinate to trivializing charts averages their Euclidean inner products. Nonnegative weights preserve positivity and local finiteness ensures smoothness. Hence every real vector bundle over a Hausdorff second-countable smooth manifold admits a fiber metric. Applied to the tangent bundle, this is existence of a Riemannian metric.

If a Lie group acts smoothly, freely, and properly on a smooth manifold $P$, then the quotient $P/G$ has a unique smooth structure for which $P\to P/G$ is a principal bundle. An action by a compact Lie group is automatically proper.

The real $m$ by $n$ matrices of matrix rank $m\le n$ form an open smooth manifold $X_{m,n}\subseteq {\mathbb{R}}^{mn}$. Indeed, it is the union of the open sets on which a chosen $m$ by $m$ minor has nonzero determinant, so its dimension is $mn$.

The group manifold is the underlying smooth manifold of a Lie group, with smooth multiplication and inversion. Its global topology need not be determined by its Lie algebra: the SU(2) group and SO(3) group have isomorphic Lie algebras but different fundamental groups.

A hypersurface in an $n$-dimensional smooth manifold is a smooth submanifold of dimension $n-1$. Locally, a regular level set $\{\varphi =0\}$ with $\nabla \varphi \ne 0$ is a hypersurface whose normal vector is $\nabla \varphi$.

Let a finite group $G$ act smoothly on a smooth manifold, and suppose that a $G$-invariant differential form $\omega$ is an exact differential form, say $\omega =d\eta$. Averaging gives the invariant primitiveIf the action is free, invariant forms descend uniquely through the resulting covering map.

A Lie group is a group that is also a smooth manifold, with smooth multiplication and inversion. Its tangent space at the identity carries a natural Lie algebra structure.

On a compact connected smooth manifold without boundary, two positive volume forms for the same orientation are related by an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism exactly when their total integrals agree. A positive interpolation and Cartan's magic formula give the smooth isotopy realizing the equality.

A Riemannian metric gives inverse vector bundle isomorphismsIn coordinates they have matrices $g_{ij}$ and $g^{ij}$. Every smooth manifold admits a Riemannian metric by a partition of unity, so its tangent and cotangent bundles are isomorphic as real smooth vector bundles. This isomorphism depends on the metric, not merely on the manifold.