Inflammation of the pleura.

Inflammation of the spinal cord. Its effects depend on the affected pathways and level, distinguishing an anatomical syndrome from one unique infectious or immune cause.

For the infinite square well of length $a$, the energy eigenvalues are $E_n=n^2{E}_1$, with $E_1={\pi }^2{\hslash }^2/(2m{a}^2)$. At $t_{\ast }=\pi \hslash /E_1$, the dynamical phase is $e^{-i{E}_n{t}_{\ast }/\hslash }=(-1{)}^n$. Since the midpoint parity operator has eigenvalues $(-1{)}^{n+1}$ in the same complete orthonormal basis, the time-evolution operator is exactly $U(t_{\ast })=-R_a$ on every state. At $2t_{\ast }$ every phase is one, giving a full revival.

Thus a state becomes its reflected copy, up to a global phase, at the half revival. Its position probability density is reflected, while its mean momentum changes sign because $P{R}_a=-R_{a}P$. For an initially reflection-symmetric probability density, the initial and half-revival position distributions agree even when their probability currents point in opposite directions.

Widen an $m$-bit binary representation to $w>m$ bits by retaining the original low positions and filling every new high position with zero. This preserves the unsigned interpretation. A MIPS instruction such as ori uses zero extension of its immediate operand, whereas addi uses sign extension.

An instruction encoding that stores an eight-bit byte and a two-bit byte-position selector, expanding them to a 32-bit machine word as $b{2}^{8j}$ for $0\le j\le 3$. Four such values can construct any 32-bit constant using bitwise OR or addition modulo $2^{32}$.

Increased mass of the left ventricular myocardium. Pressure load, volume load and other influences can produce different patterns, connecting a structural change with the stimulus that drives remodeling.

A severe heat illness with neurological dysfunction, requiring rapid cooling and emergency treatment.

For a fixed symmetric triangular channel with depth $H$ and area $A=k{H}^2$, the hydrostatic first moment is $I={\int }_A(H-z)dA=k{H}^3/3=AH/3$. Since $dI/dH=A$, the depth-averaged pressure gradient is $g{I}_x/A=g{H}_x$. A mean geometric depth $H/2$ cannot replace $H$ in that gradient without an extra factor two. This distinction prevents confusion between pressure head, centroid depth, and hydraulic radius.

A hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of urine; readings depend on calibration conditions and dissolved constituents.

A shear instability is growth of disturbances that draw kinetic energy from spatial variation of a base-flow velocity. The energy-transfer term involves the mean velocity gradient and perturbation velocity correlations. A velocity gradient alone does not guarantee instability: viscosity, stratification, boundaries and the profile shape matter. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is a central interfacial example. For a smooth inviscid parallel shear flow, Rayleigh's inflection-point theorem makes an interior inflection point necessary for an exponentially growing two-dimensional normal mode; it is not sufficient. Applying this local parallel-flow criterion to a slowly varying boundary layer is a stability heuristic rather than a complete viscous stability calculation.

A quadratic boundary-drag model relates shear stress to mean flow velocity, with dimensionless resistance coefficient $c_d>0$. Uniform steady flow down slope $S$ balances $\rho gAS=\tau \ell$, giving $|u|=\sqrt{gRS/c_d}$. Its sign is chosen so drag opposes the motion.

The number of water units included in a specified crystalline hydrate formula. A weighed hydrate and its anhydrous compound have different molar masses.

A historical condition attributed to excessive or overly abundant blood within humorism. It records an explanatory category of its period rather than a direct equivalent of a measured modern blood-volume or blood-cell disorder.

The cold fluid category called phlegm in historical humorism. It should not be equated without qualification with a present-day specimen of respiratory mucus.

One of the four fluids in classical humorism, distinct within that theory from yellow bile. Its historical category should not be treated as a demonstrated normal modern bodily fluid.

A bodily fluid considered within humorism; historical claims about its balance must be distinguished from current physiology.

A fungal stain highlights structures used to recognize fungi in a specimen. Different methods exploit cell-wall chemistry or other features. Visibility can support identification, but stain appearance alone need not establish species identity or distinguish colonization from invasive tissue growth.

Inference of a principal type in the Hindley-Milner type system uses fresh type variables and type unification to satisfy the constraints imposed by expressions. A successful result describes every valid monomorphic instance through type substitution; generalization at suitable bindings forms a type scheme for later instantiation.

Apply a function to each element of a collection while retaining its arrangement. On lists, map f [] = [] and map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs. Its principal type in Haskell is (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]. The element types may change independently; no equality test or ordering of elements is required.