Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 ii Paper 3 35A b iv Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
For , the preceding density of states hasWhen , the Bose-Einstein distribution has the classical approximationEach of the modes therefore contributes to the energy, so the Dulong-Petit law gives
When , the upper integration limit tends to infinity. The Bose integralthen yieldsHence the heat capacity at constant volume isso . The high-temperature constant is the classical equipartition theorem result, while the low-temperature power law makes as required by the Third law of thermodynamics.