- www.linkedin.com/in/howelzy/Epic.
Might know a thing or two about landfills.
- www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lost-bitcoin-crypto-james-howells-b2406517.htmlThe bizarre saga started in 2013 when Mr Howells, put the hardware from an old laptop that contained 8,000 bitcoins, the world’s leading cryptocurrency, in a black bag in his hallway.
- www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-67297013
Run output is placed under
out/
:Some of the output data is stored as
.cpickle
files. To observe those files, you need the original Python classes, and therefore you have to be inside Docker, from the host it won't work.We can list all the plots that have been produced under Plots are also available in SVG and PDF formats, e.g.:
out/
withfind -name '*.png'
The output directory has a hierarchical structure of type:where:
./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/
wildtype_000000
: variant conditions.wildtype
is a human readable label, and000000
is an index amongst the possiblewildtype
conditions. For example, we can have different simulations with different nutrients, or different DNA sequences. An example of this is shown at run variants.000000
: initial random seed for the initial cell, likely fed to NumPy'snp.random.seed
genereation_000000
: this will increase with generations if we simulate multiple cells, which is supported by the model000000
: this will presumably contain the cell index within a generation
We also understand that some of the top level directories contain summaries over all cells, e.g. the
massFractionSummary.pdf
plot exists at several levels of the hierarchy:./out/manual/plotOut/massFractionSummary.pdf
./out/manual/wildtype_000000/plotOut/massFractionSummary.pdf
./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/plotOut/massFractionSummary.pdf
./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/plotOut/massFractionSummary.pdf
Each of thoes four levels of
plotOut
is generated by a different one of the analysis scripts:./out/manual/plotOut
: generated bypython runscripts/manual/analysisVariant.py
. Contains comparisons of different variant conditions. We confirm this by looking at the results of run variants../out/manual/wildtype_000000/plotOut
: generated bypython runscripts/manual/analysisCohort.py --variant_index 0
. TODO not sure how to differentiate between two different labels e.g.wildtype_000000
andsomethingElse_000000
. If-v
is not given, a it just picks the first one alphabetically. TODO not sure how to automatically generate all of those plots without inspecting the directories../out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/plotOut
: generated bypython runscripts/manual/analysisMultigen.py --variant_index 0 --seed 0
./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/plotOut
: generated bypython runscripts/manual/analysisSingle.py --variant_index 0 --seed 0 --generation 0 --daughter 0
. Contains information about a single specific cell.
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab Source code overview Updated 2025-07-11 +Created 1970-01-01
Let's try to understand some interesting looking, with a special focus on our understanding of the tiny E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC part of the metabolism, which we have well understood at Section "E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC".
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/compartments.tsv
contains cellular compartment information:"abbrev" "id" "n" "CCO-BAC-NUCLEOID" "j" "CCO-CELL-PROJECTION" "w" "CCO-CW-BAC-NEG" "c" "CCO-CYTOSOL" "e" "CCO-EXTRACELLULAR" "m" "CCO-MEMBRANE" "o" "CCO-OUTER-MEM" "p" "CCO-PERI-BAC" "l" "CCO-PILUS" "i" "CCO-PM-BAC-NEG"
CCO
: "Celular COmpartment"BAC-NUCLEOID
: nucleoidCELL-PROJECTION
: cell projectionCW-BAC-NEG
: TODO confirm: cell wall (of a Gram-negative bacteria)CYTOSOL
: cytosolEXTRACELLULAR
: outside the cellMEMBRANE
: cell membraneOUTER-MEM
: bacterial outer membranePERI-BAC
: periplasmPILUS
: pilusPM-BAC-NEG
: TODO: plasma membrane, but that is the same as cell membrane no?
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/promoters.tsv
contains promoter information. Simple file, sample lines:corresponds to E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp, which starts as position 148."position" "direction" "id" "name" 148 "+" "PM00249" "thrLp"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
contains protein information. Sample line corresponding to e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrA:so we understand that:"aaCount" "name" "seq" "comments" "codingRnaSeq" "mw" "location" "rnaId" "id" "geneId" [91, 46, 38, 44, 12, 53, 30, 63, 14, 46, 89, 34, 23, 30, 29, 51, 34, 4, 20, 0, 69] "ThrA" "MRVL..." "Location information from Ecocyc dump." "AUGCGAGUGUUG..." [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 89103.51099999998, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] "EG10998_RNA" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER" "EG10998"
aaCount
: amino acid count, how many of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acid are thereseq
: full sequence, using the single letter abbreviation of the proteinogenic amino acidsmw
; molecular weight? The 11 components appear to be given atreconstruction/ecoli/flat/scripts/unifyBulkFiles.py
:so they simply classify the weight? Presumably this exists for complexes that have multiple classes?molecular_weight_keys = [ '23srRNA', '16srRNA', '5srRNA', 'tRNA', 'mRNA', 'miscRNA', 'protein', 'metabolite', 'water', 'DNA', 'RNA' # nonspecific RNA ]
23srRNA
,16srRNA
,5srRNA
are the three structural RNAs present in the ribosome: 23S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA, 5S ribosomal RNA, all others are obvious:- tRNA
- mRNA
- protein. This is the seventh class, and this enzyme only contains mass in this class as expected.
- metabolite
- water
- DNA
- RNA: TODO
rna
vsmiscRNA
location
: cell compartment where the protein is present,c
defined atreconstruction/ecoli/flat/compartments.tsv
as cytoplasm, as expected for something that will make an amino acid
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/rnas.tsv
: TODO vstranscriptionUnits.tsv
. Sample lines:"halfLife" "name" "seq" "type" "modifiedForms" "monomerId" "comments" "mw" "location" "ntCount" "id" "geneId" "microarray expression" 174.0 "ThrA [RNA]" "AUGCGAGUGUUG..." "mRNA" [] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER" "" [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 790935.00399999996, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] [553, 615, 692, 603] "EG10998_RNA" "EG10998" 0.0005264904
halfLife
: half-lifemw
: molecular weight, same as inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
. This molecule only have weight in themRNA
class, as expected, as it just codes for a proteinlocation
: same as inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
ntCount
: nucleotide count for each of the ATGCmicroarray expression
: presumably refers to DNA microarray for gene expression profiling, but what measure exactly?
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/sequence.fasta
: FASTA DNA sequence, first two lines:>E. coli K-12 MG1655 U00096.2 (1 to 4639675 = 4639675 bp) AGCTTTTCATTCTGACTGCAACGGGCAATATGTCTCTGTGTGGATTAAAAAAAGAGTGTCTGATAGCAGCTTCTG
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/transcriptionUnits.tsv
: transcription units. We can observe for example the two different transcription units of the E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC in the lines:"expression_rate" "direction" "right" "terminator_id" "name" "promoter_id" "degradation_rate" "id" "gene_id" "left" 0.0 "f" 310 ["TERM0-1059"] "thrL" "PM00249" 0.198905992329492 "TU0-42486" ["EG11277"] 148 657.057317358791 "f" 5022 ["TERM_WC-2174"] "thrLABC" "PM00249" 0.231049060186648 "TU00178" ["EG10998", "EG10999", "EG11000", "EG11277"] 148
promoter_id
: matches promoter id inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/promoters.tsv
gene_id
: matches id inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/genes.tsv
id
: matches exactly those used in BioCyc, which is quite nice, might be more or less standardized:
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/genes.tsv
"length" "name" "seq" "rnaId" "coordinate" "direction" "symbol" "type" "id" "monomerId" 66 "thr operon leader peptide" "ATGAAACGCATT..." "EG11277_RNA" 189 "+" "thrL" "mRNA" "EG11277" "EG11277-MONOMER" 2463 "ThrA" "ATGCGAGTGTTG" "EG10998_RNA" 336 "+" "thrA" "mRNA" "EG10998" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/metabolites.tsv
contains metabolite information. Sample lines:In the case of the enzyme thrA, one of the two reactions it catalyzes is "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" into "Homoserine"."id" "mw7.2" "location" "HOMO-SER" 119.12 ["n", "j", "w", "c", "e", "m", "o", "p", "l", "i"] "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE" 117.104 ["n", "j", "w", "c", "e", "m", "o", "p", "l", "i"]
Starting from the enzyme page: biocyc.org/gene?orgid=ECOLI&id=EG10998 we reach the reaction page: biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=REACTION&object=HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN which has reaction IDHOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN
, and that page which clarifies the IDs:so these are the compounds that we care about.- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE: "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" has ID
L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE
- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=HOMO-SER: "Homoserine" has ID
HOMO-SER
- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE: "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" has ID
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reactions.tsv
contains chemical reaction information. Sample lines:"reaction id" "stoichiometry" "is reversible" "catalyzed by" "HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN-HOMO-SER/NAD//L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE/NADH/PROTON.51." {"NADH[c]": -1, "PROTON[c]": -1, "HOMO-SER[c]": 1, "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE[c]": -1, "NAD[c]": 1} false ["ASPKINIIHOMOSERDEHYDROGII-CPLX", "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"] "HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN-HOMO-SER/NADP//L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE/NADPH/PROTON.53." {"NADPH[c]": -1, "NADP[c]": 1, "PROTON[c]": -1, "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE[c]": -1, "HOMO-SER[c]": 1 false ["ASPKINIIHOMOSERDEHYDROGII-CPLX", "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"]
catalized by
: here we seeASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX
, which we can guess is a protein complex made out ofASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER
, which is the ID for thethrA
we care about! This is confirmed incomplexationReactions.tsv
.
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/complexationReactions.tsv
contains information about chemical reactions that produce protein complexes:The"process" "stoichiometry" "id" "dir" "complexation" [ { "molecule": "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX", "coeff": 1, "type": "proteincomplex", "location": "c", "form": "mature" }, { "molecule": "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER", "coeff": -4, "type": "proteinmonomer", "location": "c", "form": "mature" } ] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX_RXN" 1
coeff
is how many monomers need to get together for form the final complex. This can be seen from the Summary section of ecocyc.org/gene?orgid=ECOLI&id=ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER:Fantastic literature summary! Can't find that in database form there however.Aspartate kinase I / homoserine dehydrogenase I comprises a dimer of ThrA dimers. Although the dimeric form is catalytically active, the binding equilibrium dramatically favors the tetrameric form. The aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activities of each ThrA monomer are catalyzed by independent domains connected by a linker region.
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteinComplexes.tsv
contains protein complex information:"name" "comments" "mw" "location" "reactionId" "id" "aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase" "" [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 356414.04399999994, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX_RXN" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/protein_half_lives.tsv
contains the half-life of proteins. Very few proteins are listed however for some reason.reconstruction/ecoli/flat/tfIds.csv
: transcription factors information:"TF" "geneId" "oneComponentId" "twoComponentId" "nonMetaboliteBindingId" "activeId" "notes" "arcA" "EG10061" "PHOSPHO-ARCA" "PHOSPHO-ARCA" "fnr" "EG10325" "FNR-4FE-4S-CPLX" "FNR-4FE-4S-CPLX" "dksA" "EG10230"
In this section we list charitable organizations that support education or research:
- elifesciences.org/labs by eLife
- www.digital-science.com/investment/catalyst-grant/ by Shuttleworth Foundation.
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS
- www.chanzuckerberg.com/ Zuck has already invested in education previously:
- openuk.uk/
- Sir Peter Lampl, Education Endowment Foundation and Sutton Trust
- Jacobs Foundation, by German-Swiss coffee mogul Klaus Johann Jacobs
- joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/what-open-education_en
- www.non-trivial.org/ "Launch Your Own Impactful Project CHOOSE YOUR CAUSE. GET EXPERT GUIDANCE. FIND A SOLUTION AND MAKE IT HAPPEN."
- by United States Government:
- FY 2024 Education Innovation and Research:
- Education Innovation and Research (EIR) Notices Inviting Applications
- oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-discretionary-grants-support-services/innovation-early-learning/education-innovation-and-research-eir/fy-2024-competition/
- www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/05/06/2024-09797/applications-for-new-awards-education-innovation-and-research-eir-program-early-phase-grants
- FY 2024 Education Innovation and Research:
Huge interest overlap with Ciro Santilli, e.g. he's into
- molecular biology in general: I should have loved biology by James Somers
- JCVI-syn3.0: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/07/a-journey-to-the-center-of-our-cells
- cryo-EM: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/07/a-journey-to-the-center-of-our-cells
- David Goodsell: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/07/a-journey-to-the-center-of-our-cells
- History of Google: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/12/10/the-friendship-that-made-google-huge
Whenever Ciro Santilli walks in front of a school and sees the tall gates it makes him sad. Maybe 8 year olds need gates. But do we need to protect 15 year olds like that? Students should be going out to see the world, both good and evil not hiding from it! We should instead be guiding them to the world. But instead, we are locking them up in brainwashing centers.
Video "The Purpose of Education by Noam Chomsky (2012)" puts it well, education can be either be:He has spoken about that infinitely, e.g. from when he was thin: www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVqMAlgAnlo
- a brainwashing to make people comply with The Establishment
- a way to get people genuinely interested and help them to reach their life goals
Bibliography:
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=ts7CEFQM2bE How Education Became Indoctrination: Dr Stephen Hicks (2021) Interview by www.youtube.com/c/KnowlandKnows Interesting channel. "Are you sick of woke-washing in education? Free speech distinguishes education from indoctrination" and "I taught at Eton College before I was fired because 'The Patriarchy Paradox' caused offence.".
Effect of a change of basis on the matrix of a bilinear form Updated 2025-07-11 +Created 1970-01-01
If is the change of basis matrix, then the matrix representation of a bilinear form that looked like:then the matrix in the new basis is:Sylvester's law of inertia then tells us that the number of positive, negative and 0 eigenvalues of both of those matrices is the same.
Proof: the value of a given bilinear form cannot change due to a change of basis, since the bilinear form is just a function, and does not depend on the choice of basis. The only thing that change is the matrix representation of the form. Therefore, we must have:and in the new basis:and so since:
Strangeness Minus Three (BBC Horizon 1964)
Source. Basically shows Richard Feynman 15 minutes on a blackboard explaining the experimental basis of the eightfold way really well, while at the same time hyperactively moving all over. The word symmetry gets tossed a few times.The Einstein summation convention works will with partial derivatives and it is widely used in particle physics.
In particular, the divergence and the Laplacian can be succinctly expressed in this notation:
In order to express partial derivatives, we must use what Ciro Santilli calls the "partial index partial derivative notation", which refers to variables with indices such as , , , , and instead of the usual letters , and .
One important quantum mechanics experiment, which using quantum effects explain the dependency of specific heat capacity on temperature, an effect which is not present in the Dulong-Petit law.
This is the solid-state analogue to the black-body radiation problem. It is also therefore a quantum mechanics-specific phenomenon.
See also: e-learning website.
E-learning websites must keep content free, only charge for certification Updated 2025-07-11 +Created 1970-01-01
Another thing that is fine charging for is dedicated 1-to-1 tutor time. This is something Udacity is doing as of 2022.
www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/042815/how-coursera-works-makes-money.asp has a good mention:and it links to: www.freecodecamp.org/news/massive-open-online-courses-started-out-completely-free-but-where-are-they-now-1dd1020f59/, very good article!
MOOCs were first created by people with utopian visions for the internet. This means the idea for platforms like Coursera was likely conceived without a business plan in mind. Nonetheless, Coursera has managed to monetize its platform. It is worth noting, however, that monetization has lead to the effective elimination of the original MOOC idea, which is predicated on ideals like free and open access, as well as the building of online communities.
That is a fundamental guiding principle of OurBigBook.com. The educational content must be licensed CC BY-SA!
Perhaps the most reliable way of reaching this state is E-learning websites must allow students to create learning content.
Bibliography:
- academia.stackexchange.com/questions/86179/is-it-financially-worth-it-to-teach-a-mooc-e-g-coursera Is it financially worth it to teach a MOOC (e.g. Coursera)?
- www.classcentral.com/about amazing, they can make money just from ads! I wouldn't expect that they could scale like TripAdvisor, because travelling means very local knowledge, I would expect there to be much fewer MOOCs and for them to be more easily findable on Google. Good thing though, this website.
Ciro Santilli distinctly remembers being taught that at basic electrical engineering school during Ciro Santilli's undergrad studies at the University of São Paulo.
It really allows you to do alternating current calculations much as you'd do DC calculations with resistors, quite poweful. It must have been all the rage in the 1950s.
As of the 20th century, this can be described well as "the phenomena described by Maxwell's equations".
Back through its history however, that was not at all clear. This highlights how big of an achievement Maxwell's equations are.
Our minimal definition of "electronic money" is the following.
Instead of creating legal tender such as Dollars as banknotes or transactions in some complex obscure banking system, the government offers an official simple centralized API that represents it instead.
Each citizen or legal entity has an account there, and transfers between registered users are just simple API calls.
Java is good.
Its boilerplate requirement is a pain, but the design is otherwise very clean.
But its ecosystem sucks.
The development process is rather closed, the issue tracker obscure.
And above all, Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. killed everybody's trust in it once and for all. Thanks Oracle.
Oscillators: RC, LC, Crystal by GreatScott! (2015)
Source. Good video. Contains actual breadboard experiments on oscilloscope and circuit diagrams- youtu.be/eYVOdlK15Og?t=66 RC oscillator on breadboard. Produces rectangular wave. Mentions popular integrated circuit that does it: 555 timer IC.
- youtu.be/eYVOdlK15Og?t=175 LC oscillators allows for higher frequencies. Produces sinusoidal output on MHz range. Uses an amplifier to feed back into input and maintain same voltage. Hard to make reliably on breadboard.
- youtu.be/eYVOdlK15Og?t=315 crystal oscillator. Mentions it acts like an LC oscillators. Shows and equivalent model. Wish he had talked more about them. You need support components around it: similarly to the LC case, the amplifier is generally not packaged in.
The language all browsers converted to as of 2019, and therefore the easiest one to distribute and most widely implemented programming language.
Hopefully will be killed by WebAssembly one day.
Because JavaScript is a relatively crap/ad-hoc language, it ended up some decent tooling to make up for that, e.g. stuff like linting via ESLint and reformatting through Prettier is much more widespread than in other languages.
JavaScript data structure are also quite a bit anemic, which makes libraries such as lodash incredibly popular. But most of that stuff should be in the stdlib.
Our JavaScript examples can be found at:
- Node.js example: examples that don't interact with any browser feature. We are just testing those on the CLI which is much more convenient.
- JavaScript browser example: examples that interact with browser-specific features, notably the DOM
- js/confirm-close.html: stackoverflow.com/questions/7317273/warn-user-before-leaving-web-page-with-unsaved-changes
- web-cheat/js-image-load.html: load an image from JavaScript dynamically: stackoverflow.com/questions/226847/what-is-the-best-javascript-code-to-create-an-img-element
- web-cheat/js-image-load-viewport.html: load an image from JavaScript dynamically when it would become visible on the viewport: stackoverflow.com/questions/2321907/how-do-you-make-images-load-only-when-they-are-in-the-viewport
- html/img-load-lazy.html: stackoverflow.com/questions/2321907/how-do-you-make-images-load-lazily-only-when-they-are-in-the-viewport/57389607#57389607
- web-cheat/esm.html: ESM modules
- js/keydown.html: stackoverflow.com/questions/16006583/capturing-ctrlz-key-combination-in-javascript
External libraries
- Text editors
- Interactive HTML table sorting
There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.