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synaptic vesicle recycling retrieves and reuses membrane and components after synaptic release. Uptake, uncoating, sorting and preparation for subsequent release are distinct measurable steps.
phosphatidylinositol is a glycerophospholipid with an inositol headgroup. phosphorylation of that headgroup produces distinct phosphoinositides.
A phosphoinositide is a phosphorylated derivative of phosphatidylinositol. Phosphate position changes the recognition surface of the headgroup, allowing distinct species to recruit different membrane-associated proteins.
A cell lineage follows descent of biological cells through successive divisions. DNA replication can transmit a mutation to descendant biological cells.
Sirio Dupont coauthored research on mechanotransduction.[ref]
Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction by Sirio Dupont and others. publication title and author list
mechanotransduction converts mechanical input into altered molecular activity or cellular behavior. A causal test separates applied mechanics from accompanying chemical changes and identifies a force-sensitive step.
Kandice R. Levental investigated how crosslinking of the extracellular matrix affects integrin signaling and tumour behaviour. The experimental study connected changes in matrix mechanics with cell signaling and invasion, making the surrounding material's physical properties part of the biological explanation.[ref]
Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling by Kandice R. Levental and others. 2009, matrix crosslinking, integrin clustering and invasion experiments
Joshua Hutchings used cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to investigate COPII coat assemblies on lipid bilayers. The resulting structures connect the organization of coat proteins with the shape of the underlying cell membrane.[ref]
Subtomogram averaging of COPII assemblies reveals how coat organization dictates membrane shape by Joshua Hutchings and others. 2018, structural study and deposited Sar1–Sec23–Sec24 assembly, EMDB0044/PDB6GNI
A transport vesicle is a membrane-bounded carrier that moves cargo between cellular compartments. Budding and fusion preserve the distinction between lumen-facing and cytosol-facing membrane surfaces.
An endoplasmic reticulum exit site is a region organizing export machinery and cargo departure from the ER. Local coat assembly, cargo concentration and membrane supply can be coordinated there.
R. Caputto coauthored Isolation of the coenzyme of the galactose phosphate-glucose phosphate transformation by R. Caputto and others.
The paper concerns the coenzyme of the galactose-phosphate/glucose-phosphate transformation. UDP-glucose is an activated sugar nucleotide used in this metabolic chemistry and in glycosyl-transfer reactions; it participates in chemical activation and group transfer.
oligosaccharyltransferase transfers an assembled oligosaccharide from a lipid-linked donor to a protein acceptor. Recognition of an accessible acceptor sequence is distinct from synthesis of the donor.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a yeast species used as a model organism. It supplies the candidate genes in the yeast cross-species complementation experiment; the recipient remains Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose units whose chains form strong assemblies in plant cell walls. It illustrates a structural role for carbohydrates. See Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell: the plant cell wall.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-enclosed network of tubules and flattened sacs in a typical eukaryotic biological cell. Its continuous boundary encloses the ER lumen, separate from the cytosol, and connects with the outer nuclear envelope. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are regions of this network.
A mitochondrion is an organelle with an outer mitochondrial membrane and an inner mitochondrial membrane. The latter encloses the mitochondrial matrix and folds into cristae; the intermembrane space lies on its opposite side. This architecture separates a chemical workspace from a membrane that couples electron transport to ATP formation.
A mitochondrion is an organelle with an outer mitochondrial membrane and an inner mitochondrial membrane. The latter encloses the mitochondrial matrix and folds into cristae; the intermembrane space lies on its opposite side. This architecture separates a chemical workspace from a membrane that couples electron transport to ATP formation.
A mitochondrion is an organelle with an outer mitochondrial membrane and an inner mitochondrial membrane. The latter encloses the mitochondrial matrix and folds into cristae; the intermembrane space lies on its opposite side. This architecture separates a chemical workspace from a membrane that couples electron transport to ATP formation.
Jonathan R. Friedman investigated contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Imaging showed that mitochondrial constriction and subsequent division occurred at contacts with endoplasmic-reticulum tubules, before recruitment of the division protein Drp1. This connects organelle contact geometry with the placement of a mitochondrial division site.[ref]
ER tubules mark sites of mitochondrial division by Jonathan R. Friedman and others. 2011, abstract and electron-tomography observations: ER contact, constriction and Drp1 recruitment
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact