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Coxiella burnetii is a specialized intracellular bacterium whose replication was achieved in host-cell-free medium. Its natural intracellular niche must therefore be distinguished from an absolute biochemical requirement for a living host in all culture conditions.
Gerald F. Joyce coauthored work on generating genetic variation through error-prone polymerase chain reaction. Altering amplification conditions creates mutated copies that can be screened or selected, providing a source of variation for directed evolution.
The experimental distinction is between generating variation and selecting a useful molecular function: mutagenesis supplies candidates, while a separate assay determines which candidates meet the intended criterion.[ref]
Randomization of genes by PCR mutagenesis by R. Craig Cadwell and Gerald F. Joyce. Research topic and author attribution in the primary publication
Akiyuki Nishimura investigated the structural basis of selective inhibition of the heterotrimeric Gq protein. The work connects binding of a small molecule with inhibited nucleotide exchange, showing how a compound can interfere with the switching cycle of a signaling G protein.[ref]
Jude Canon investigated the KRAS G12C inhibitor AMG510 in chemical and biological systems. The study connected inhibition of an oncogenic signaling protein with changes in tumour–immune interactions in the experimental models.[ref]
The clinical KRAS(G12C) inhibitor AMG 510 drives anti-tumour immunity by Jude Canon and others. 2019, abstract and experimental tumour-immunity observations; historical research result, not treatment guidance
A G protein is a protein switch whose activity depends on the bound guanine nucleotide. The three-subunit G proteins coupled to G protein-coupled receptors relay activation to other proteins; they are distinct from the receptors themselves. See the Alberts reference under G protein-coupled receptor.
Phosphorylation attaches a phosphate group to a molecule. Transfer from ATP to a substrate or enzyme can participate in energy coupling; the name alone does not specify the complete reaction mechanism. See OpenStax Biology 2e, 6.4: phosphorylation.
Pilong Li investigated phase separation produced by interactions among multivalent signaling proteins. The study connected the onset of droplet formation with a transition from small complexes to large assemblies, and related the threshold to the number of interaction sites.[ref]
Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins by Pilong Li and others. 2012, abstract: valency-dependent liquid-liquid demixing and supramolecular assembly
Proline is a cyclic alpha-amino acid whose amine nitrogen is joined to two carbon positions within a five-membered ring. This explains the exception to in amino acid.
Dependence of nuclear shielding and resonance frequency on molecular orientation relative to the magnetic field. Its modulation contributes to nuclear-spin relaxation.
A membrane protein is a protein associated with a biological membrane. Its association, orientation and mobility are separate properties: being embedded does not imply spanning, and spanning does not imply moving freely. Membrane proteins supply routes for membrane transport and recognition for signal transduction.
Loren B. Andreas developed protein structure measurements using proton-detected magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Rapid sample spinning reduces the difficulties created by strong proton interactions and allows structural information to be obtained from fully protonated samples.[ref]
Structure of fully protonated proteins by proton-detected magic-angle spinning NMR by Loren B. Andreas and others. 2016, protein-structure study, abstract and conclusions: fully protonated samples and proton detection
Elan Z. Eisenmesser coauthored research on catalysis.[ref]
Intrinsic dynamics of an enzyme underlies catalysis by Elan Z. Eisenmesser and others. publication title and author list
Catalysis accelerates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction mechanism with a more accessible barrier through its transition states. A catalyst participates in the route and is regenerated. At fixed temperature, catalysis changes how quickly chemical equilibrium is reached without changing the equilibrium constant; it does not make an unfavourable overall change in Gibbs free energy favourable.
Catalysis accelerates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction mechanism with a more accessible barrier through its transition states. A catalyst participates in the route and is regenerated. At fixed temperature, catalysis changes how quickly chemical equilibrium is reached without changing the equilibrium constant; it does not make an unfavourable overall change in Gibbs free energy favourable.
R. Craig Cadwell coauthored research on mutagenesis.[ref]
Randomization of genes by PCR mutagenesis by R. Craig Cadwell and Gerald F. Joyce. publication title and author list
A reagent adding a predefined three-nucleotide unit during oligonucleotide synthesis. Mixtures of whole codons allow controlled
Willem P. C. Stemmer coauthored DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: in vitro recombination for molecular evolution by Willem P. C. Stemmer.
DNA shuffling recombines fragments of related sequences to create new combinations that can be selected for a desired molecular function. This connects genetic recombination with directed evolution, providing a way to explore combinations of sequence changes rather than testing only isolated mutations.
Gene expression uses a gene's information to produce functional RNA or a protein. Transcription makes RNA from a DNA template; for a protein-coding gene, biological translation then uses messenger RNA to specify an amino acid chain. Many genes instead produce functional RNA, including transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA, without a translated protein product. See Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition (2002): from DNA to RNA.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact