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Biological translation uses a ribosome to read messenger RNA codons and assemble the corresponding amino acid chain. Transfer RNA adaptors match codons through base pairing and carry the amino acids; the genetic code supplies the correspondence. The chain grows from the N-terminus toward the C-terminus, by adding each new residue at the C-terminus. See Clark, Douglas and Choi, Biology 2e: ribosomes, transfer RNA and protein synthesis.
An RNA surveillance pathway that removes certain transcripts after a termination event interpreted in an abnormal context. It can alter observed transcript isoform abundance after RNA splicing, so mature abundance is not always a direct measure of the production ratio.
Joerg E. Braun investigated how microRNAs promote messenger RNA degradation. The study found direct recruitment of deadenylase complexes by GW182 proteins, connecting target recognition with removal of the poly(A) tail.[ref]
GW182 proteins directly recruit cytoplasmic deadenylase complexes to miRNA targets by Joerg E. Braun and others. 2011, abstract: PAN2-PAN3 and CCR4-CAF1-NOT recruitment through PAN3 and NOT1
A connective-tissue cell with roles in extracellular matrix production and tissue organisation. Fibroblast biological populations and activation states are heterogeneous.
A nuclease is an enzyme that cleaves nucleic acids. ribonucleases act on RNA; other activities act on DNA. Nuclease sensitivity can reveal a nucleic-acid-dependent assembly, but loss of association can also reflect secondary structural disruption.
A connective-tissue cell with roles in extracellular matrix production and tissue organisation. Fibroblast biological populations and activation states are heterogeneous.
A structured RNA recognition element bound by iron regulatory proteins. In suitable 5′ contexts it controls biological translation, whereas a 3′ stability-control context can regulate RNA decay. It is not an autonomous iron-sensing riboswitch.
Control of iron uptake, storage, utilization and release. post-transcriptional regulation can coordinate these processes without requiring all regulated transcripts to change in the same direction.
A structured RNA recognition element bound by iron regulatory proteins. In suitable 5′ contexts it controls biological translation, whereas a 3′ stability-control context can regulate RNA decay. It is not an autonomous iron-sensing riboswitch.
The network of chemical reactions that maintains a living system, supplies energy and builds or processes its material. Gas emissions can arise as primary metabolic byproducts or secondary metabolic byproducts, with different implications for an atmospheric biosignature gas.
A structured RNA recognition element bound by iron regulatory proteins. In suitable 5′ contexts it controls biological translation, whereas a 3′ stability-control context can regulate RNA decay. It is not an autonomous iron-sensing riboswitch.
Production of different mature RNA sequences from the same precursor by changing which splice sites or exons are used. A cassette exon can be included in one transcript isoform and skipped in another.
Florian C. Oberstrass investigated the structure of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein bound to RNA. The work connected sequence recognition with the arrangement of RNA-binding domains and the regulation of RNA splicing.[ref]
Structure of PTB bound to RNA: specific binding and implications for splicing regulation by Florian C. Oberstrass and others. 2005, abstract: PTB–RNA structure and implications for splicing regulation
Bringing separated RNA segments into proximity while an intervening segment forms a loop. Multivalent RNA-binding proteins can stabilize this geometry, with consequences for accessibility and splice-site use.
Production of different mature RNA sequences from the same precursor by changing which splice sites or exons are used. A cassette exon can be included in one transcript isoform and skipped in another.
A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact