Identity: tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=914101

Identity: www.nist.gov/people/joshua-hadler

Identity: www.nist.gov/people/paul-williams

Ah-Hyung Alissa Park is a chemical engineer whose research concerns carbon capture and storage, together with carbon dioxide utilization and the development of materials and processes for more sustainable energy systems. Her UCLA profile describes nanohybrid materials for carbon dioxide capture and conversion, together with work on chemistry of carbonates, recovery of critical minerals and rare-earth elements.^[ref]

The scientific connection is between material structure and a chemical process: the way a material binds or reacts with carbon dioxide determines how it can be separated, transformed or stored. Evaluating such a process also requires tracking material flows and energy use through the larger system. This links surface chemistry, chemical reaction engineering and the assessment of alternative process designs rather than treating capture alone as the complete objective.^[ref]

Anthony E. Butterfield, also known as Tony Butterfield, is a chemical engineer whose work combines mathematical modeling, experimental measurement and education. His historical University of Utah biography describes a master's project on finite element simulation of cell cycle kinetics and doctoral work on model-based filtering and control of individual molecular motors.^[ref]

These topics illustrate how chemical engineering can connect a small physical system with an inferred mathematical description: measurements are interpreted through a mathematical model, and a controller uses that description to influence the system. His outreach material also connects chemistry with measurements students can reason about; Carbon Captured Chalk by Tony Butterfield is one such educational contribution. The research and teaching examples concern the same general skill of relating a model to observable behaviour.

Yannis G. Kevrekidis is a chemical engineer whose research connects dynamical systems, multiscale modeling and machine learning. His institutional research description emphasizes how interactions at small scales produce larger-scale patterns, instabilities and dynamics in physical, chemical and biological systems.^[ref]

With collaborators he developed equation-free modeling, in which detailed simulations are used to investigate coarse-scale behaviour even when a closed equation for the coarse variables is unavailable. The motivating distinction is between possessing a simulator of microscopic dynamics and possessing a compact equation for a few large-scale observables. This places numerical analysis, the choice of state variables and the extraction of useful descriptions at the centre of multiscale modeling.^[ref]

Coauthor of experiments on inositol-trisphosphate effects in isolated pancreatic-cell fractions. The study connected a candidate intracellular messenger with responses in selected cellular components; the published initials are retained without an unverified identity expansion.^[ref]

Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, which amplifies a selected DNA region through repeated copying cycles. Primers delimit the copied region, and newly produced strands become templates in later cycles.

This recursive use of products can produce exponential amplification over an appropriate range. Detection still depends on target specificity and contamination controls, because amplification multiplies unintended templates as well.^[ref]

Eduard Buchner demonstrated fermentation in a cell-free extract. Removing intact yeast cells while retaining activity showed that the biochemical transformation did not require the continued presence of an intact cell.

Filtration and residual-cell controls distinguish activity of the extract from activity of surviving cells. The result helped establish that a cellular process can be studied through its chemical components.^[ref]

R. F. Irvine coauthored experiments on inositol trisphosphate and isolated pancreatic subcellular fractions. Calcium-release measurements were compared with fractionation and marker information.

This combination links a soluble second messenger to an intracellular calcium store. A response measured in a fraction needs localization evidence because the fraction can contain more than one membrane population.^[ref]

Homepage: www.phar.cam.ac.uk/research/Irvine

Edwin G. Krebs coauthored characterization of a cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase from skeletal muscle. The study links a small-molecule signal with phosphorylation of downstream protein targets.

A kinase cascade can amplify and organize regulation because one activated enzyme acts on multiple target molecules. The chemical event is transfer of phosphate, whereas the physiological effect depends on which target is modified.^[ref]

John P. Perkins coauthored research on protein kinase.^[ref]

A protein kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of a protein. In receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, ATP supplies the transferred phosphate group.

Donal A. Walsh coauthored research on protein kinase.^[ref]

A protein kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of a protein. In receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, ATP supplies the transferred phosphate group.

Alfred G. Gilman coauthored purification and characterization of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. The work connects guanine-nucleotide-dependent regulation with production of the second messenger cyclic AMP.

Separating a regulatory component from the catalytic activity helps show how a signal can control an enzyme through another protein, rather than through direct substrate binding alone.^[ref]

M. D. Smigel helped investigate the purified regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase. Connecting its guanine-nucleotide-dependent properties with restored hormone stimulation showed how biochemical separation and reconstitution can identify a signaling component.^[ref]

J. K. Northup helped characterize the guanine-nucleotide regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase. Its ability to restore hormone-responsive activity in a reconstituted system provided functional evidence for the purified component's role in signal transduction.^[ref]

P. C. Sternweis helped purify the guanine-nucleotide regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase. Reconstitution of hormone-stimulated activity connected an isolated biochemical component with signal transmission from a receptor to an enzyme.^[ref]

T. Lee coauthored work identifying an activating kinase for p34cdc2. Comparisons of phosphorylation-site mutants show that different regulatory sites have different functional effects.

Loss of activity after a mutation must be interpreted alongside partner binding and phosphorylation measurements. The combined observations help distinguish regulation of an assembled complex from failure to form the complex.^[ref]

Identity source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC275499/

M. J. Solomon coauthored experiments on activating phosphorylation of the cell-cycle kinase p34cdc2. Mutation and activation tests distinguish cyclin binding from phosphorylation needed for kinase activation.

A protein can bind its regulatory partner yet remain inactive. This distinction links a molecular association measurement with a separate test of catalytic function.^[ref]

Identity source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC275499/