12.005 Applications of Continuum Mechanics to Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, spring 2006, Lecture 10. Traction, frictional strength, pore fluid pressure and Mohr circle construction. These notes use a particular sign convention; conversions must preserve it.
Cambridge DAMTP lecture notes, chapter 2, section 2.3.2, Flow Around a Sphere, and section 2.3.3, D'Alembert's Paradox. The cited PDF is the first part of the notes; its contents list other chapters which are not all present in this file.
This second PDF contains the discussion of viscous boundary conditions and the channel and pipe solutions cited in the no-slip boundary condition, Couette flow and Hagen-Poiseuille flow articles.
Primary book facsimile. The apparatus description and experiments on the spring of air, combustion and breathing document operations with the receiver. Experiments 40–41 concern insects and respiration.
An English edition of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton. The cited opening Book III propositions are available in the linked facsimile extract; the full edition permits verification of the Laws of Motion and Book I. Later additions must not be silently dated to the first edition: the General Scholium was added in 1713.
Primary text in the 1914 English translation. Third Day: definitions, mean-speed and squared-time demonstrations and the inclined-plane report. Fourth Day: parabolic projectile motion.
By T. G. Mason and D. A. Weitz. Physical Review Letters 74, 1250–1253; published 13 February 1995. DOI: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1250. The publisher's abstract reports dynamic light scattering to infer linear viscoelastic moduli from probe displacements and comparison with mechanical measurements. Publisher record and abstract. No uninspected apparatus parameters are inferred from that abstract.
Institutional lecture notes. Section 20.4 describes thermal convection and the rigid-boundary critical Rayleigh number.
Institutional fluid-mechanics notes: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336L/Fluidhtml/node74.html. Equations5.73–5.81 retain arbitrary circulation around the cylinder and its lift; the later discussion explains the extra initially noncirculating condition.
American Journal of Physics 84(1), 26–31. Primary mathematical analysis of a rotating potential and its guiding-centre motion.
The preprint distinguishes a particle in a planar rotating potential from a particle constrained to a rotating surface and from a rolling ball. Its rapid-rotation analysis identifies weak laboratory-frame precession.
By Michael Cross. The two-component chemical-kinetics linear stability calculation supplies the reaction Jacobian and finite-wavenumber diffusion instability. Only generic mathematics and chemical physics are used here; biological applications are excluded.
By Martin Z. Bazant. Section1,page1 defines diffuse charge, electro-osmotic mobility and the effective slip outside a double layer. Only the generic electrokinetic section is used here.
Institutional educational reference, last updated 13 May 2021 in the inspected page. Tom Benson is named as editor and NASA official; the institutional issuer is retained as author. Equations 1–10 express isentropic mass flow, and equation 19 identifies its sonic maximum.
Institutional educational reference. The Supersonic and subsonic flow section combines continuity and momentum to obtain the area-velocity relation and explains convergent/divergent acceleration on different Mach branches. No individual author or original publication date is inferred.
Institutional educational reference, last updated 13 May 2021 in the inspected page. Nancy Hall is listed as editor and NASA official; that role is not recast as individual authorship. The page lists normal-shock property ratios and distinguishes conserved total temperature from the loss of total pressure.
Cited passages: Monteiro, Stari, Cabeza and Martí, 2019, page 2, equations 2-4: bar and phone contributions about each suspension point; Monteiro, Stari, Cabeza and Martí, Experimental analysis of a physical pendulum with variable suspension point, 2019, pages 2-4: apparatus, three period readouts and comparison with the model.
Cited passages: A. H. Techet, Free Surface Water Waves, Fall 2004, §II–III, equation 3.2 and §VI: finite-depth dispersion and its limits; A. H. Techet, Free Surface Water Waves, §VI, equations 6.8–6.11: group/phase ratio and depth limits.
Cited passages: MIT 2.016, Surface Waves Kinematics, 14 October 2005, Equipment and tasks 1–6: calibrated resistance probes and separate phase/group timing.
Cited passages: A. H. Techet, Waves, phase speed, and group speed, Fall 2003, tasks 2–5 and write-up: depth comparison, crest disappearance and probe records.
Publisher: arXiv (preprint host).
Cited passages: Apparatus, PDF page 2, sample interval; Results, PDF page 3, short-delay and reflection limitations for solid samples; Principle and Apparatus, PDF pages 1–2, Figures 1–2; Results, PDF pages 2–3, Figure 3.
Publisher: University of Texas at Austin (author teaching site).
Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Two-Dimensional Fourier Optics, equations 10.78–10.87 and Table 10.1.
Cited passages: Fitzpatrick, §10.9, equations 10.70–10.74: path expansion and aperture superposition; Richard Fitzpatrick, University of Texas at Austin, Two-Dimensional Fourier Optics, circular-aperture first minimum; Richard Fitzpatrick, Wave Optics, §10.9: Two-dimensional Fourier optics.
Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Damped Harmonic Oscillation, equations 2.19–2.22; his mν equals the coefficient b used here.
Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.
Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Dynamic Pressure: definition and use beyond incompressible inviscid flow.
Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.
Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Bernoulli's Equation: restrictions and Common Assumptions.
Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.
Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Pitot–Static Tube–Speedometer: pressure connections, Solve for Velocity, Limitations.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
Publisher: Virginia Tech, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering.
Cited passages: Sections 2B–C and 4, goal 1: apparatus, pressure connections, datum levels and independent checks.
Publisher: University of Texas at Austin, author-hosted teaching website.
Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Principal Axes of Rotation, equations 487–490.
Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Matrix Eigenvalue Theory, repeated-eigenvalue discussion following equation 484.
Online section revision dated 31 March 2011.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
Publisher: MIT OpenCourseWare.

Lecture L26 - 3D Rigid Body Dynamics: The Inertia Tensor (2008)

0 0
By J. Peraire, S. Widnall.
Online text: ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-07-dynamics-fall-2009/dd277ec654440f4c2b5b07d6c286c3fd_MIT16_07F09_Lec26.pdf
Cited passages: J. Peraire and S. Widnall, Lecture L26, printed pages 2–3, moments and products of inertia; Lecture L26, printed page 1, velocities and angular momentum relative to the centre of mass.
Publisher: Randolph College physics teaching site.
Cited passages: Driven Harmonic Oscillator, equipment list, Part 1 Experiments 1A–1B, Part 2 equations 2.1–2.7 and Experiments 2A–2B.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
Publisher: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (institutional web host).
Cited passages: Boundary Layer Governing Equations, equations (13)-(23): inertia-viscosity balance, normal pressure balance, and dimensional equations.
Cited passages: Boundary-layer Thickness, Skin friction, and Energy dissipation, discussion before equation (79): asymptotic edge and experimental sensitivity of a 99% criterion; Equation (79) and following interpretation of the volume-flux deficit; Equation (80) and interpretation of the momentum-defect flux; Equation (82), dimensional wall shear definition; the coefficient here follows the numerically checked Blasius equation in the stated normalization.
Cited passages: Momentum Integral, equations (89)-(93), specialized to constant outer velocity and zero wall-normal velocity.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
Publisher: Louisiana Tech University (institutional web host).
Publisher: Purdue University.
Cited passages: 1Q-30, apparatus paragraph, Directions, and Suggestions for Presentation; page updated 30 November 2023.
Additional cited passages: 2. The Lagrangian Formalism, §2.1, printed pp. 10–12, equations (2.2)–(2.8); §2.3, printed pp. 17–19, ideal holonomic constraints; §2.5.2, printed p. 28, equations (2.68)–(2.72); §2.6 and §2.6.1, printed pp. 38–42, especially equations (2.130)–(2.132). These are authored lecture notes by David Tong, hosted by Cambridge DAMTP; no chapter publication date or separately contributed byline is established.
Chapter 3 of Classical Dynamics by David Tong. www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/dynamics/dynhtml/S3.html. Section 3.5.2 resolves angular velocity in material-fixed axes; sections 3.6–3.6.3 treat the heavy symmetric top, uniform precession and upright spin stability. This is an authored lecture-note chapter, not an answer set for the assigned exam.
Cited passages: Classical Dynamics by David Tong, §3.4.3, The Asymmetric Top: Stability, printed pp. 57–58, equations (3.40)–(3.45); Classical Dynamics by David Tong, §3.4.3, equations (3.41)–(3.45), and §3.4.4, invariants (3.46)–(3.47); the invariant-bound argument here is an original short derivation.
Publisher: Clemson University.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Spinning Book by Clemson University, physics lecture demonstrations, 1Q60.40: Purpose, Description and Equipment.
Cited passages: Experiment 6, The Coefficient of Friction, PDF pp. 1–2: Equipment, Objectives, Procedure steps 1–7.
Published in Physics 183 Laboratory, Experiment 5.
Physics 183 Laboratory, Experiment 5, Fall 2004, as printed in the handout headers. The University of Massachusetts is the verified institutional host; no author byline or publication date is established.
Cited passages: Printed p. 1, theory and Figure 2; p. 5, Part III; worksheet p. 2, Table 3; Printed p. 5, Part III, steps 1–7 and Figure 6; worksheet p. 2, Table 3.
Normalized Latin transcription of Axiomata sive leges motus from the 1687 book. The Newton Project published the transcription online in November 2009; host and transcription editors are distinct from Isaac Newton, the book author.
Cited passages: Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Axiomata sive leges motus, printed p. 13, Lex III and its explanation; pp. 16–17, Corollarium III; Newton, Axiomata sive leges motus (1687), Lex II.
Oberlin College physics demonstration instructions for collision carts and force sensors. No named author or date is established. The source does not supply measured traces or prescribe a sampling rate.
Cited passages: Oberlin College, Collision Carts and Force Sensors, Apparatus, Description, and Notes: ranges, mounting, zeroing, attachments, and unequal-mass control.
Manufacturer instrument documentation issued by Vernier. No personal author or publication date is established.
Cited passages: Vernier, Dual-Range Force Sensor User Manual, Using the Product; Calibration; Specifications; How the Sensor Works; Compatibility Notes, note 1.
Two-page teaching worksheet and teacher notes issued by Arbor Scientific. No personal byline or publication date is stated; the Amazon S3 host is distinct from the issuer. The student readings are blank.
Cited passages: PDF p. 1, Teacher’s Notes, Required Equipment, Concept Overview and Lab Tips; PDF p. 2, Materials and Procedure 1–11.
By James F. Price. An appendix to Essay 2: Dimensional Analysis of Models and Data Sets. Section 8 credits the experiments, models, code, text and technical figures to the author. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is his affiliation and provides administrative support; MIT OpenCourseWare hosts the appendix in its Topics in Fluid Dynamics resource collection.
Inspected version: 9 February 2026, printed on the PDF cover. This version date is distinct from the Fall 2024 resource-collection label; no original publication date is asserted.
Cited passages: PDF cover p. 1, author and February 9, 2026 date; §§2.1–2.3, printed pp. 9–12: parameter control, semitransparent beaker, temperature and dye preparation, volume/time readout, repeatability and bore uncertainty; equations (1)–(2), printed pp. 10–11: head from measured volume, flow from volume/time differences; Fig. 2, printed p. 12: head trajectories and incomplete low-head drainage; §§2.5 and 3.1, printed pp. 15–18, equations (10)–(14) and Fig. 3: ideal speed and empirical discharge normalization; §4 introductory discussion, printed pp. 19–20: protruding cap and surface tension; §5 introduction and §2 apparatus description: viscous outlet-tube effects; §8, printed p. 51: attribution of experiments and technical figures.
Instruction manual issued and published by PASCO scientific, whose manufacturer CDN hosts the document. No individual author byline or publication year is established. The cover identifies manual version 012-10874A.
Cited passages: printed pp. 4–5, component descriptions and bearing friction; p. 7, inclination scale and locking thumbscrew; p. 9, photogate and picket-fence alignment; p. 10, corporate copyright credit; pp. 15–16, Acceleration Down an Incline, equipment, procedure 1–8, data analysis 1–3, question 2 and timing notes. The interface/software protocol uses the 1 cm fence pattern; the separate Smart Timer note specifies the 5 cm pattern.
Demonstration catalog entry Me-020 issued by the University of Toronto Department of Physics. No personal byline or publication date is established; the university’s website hosting does not establish authorship.
Cited passages: Description, stand leveling and steps 1–4, upward release, white-dot observation, dowel insertion and repeated release; Apparatus, Double Double Pendulum and Double Pendulum. The written procedure was inspected; no inspection of the embedded video or apparatus image is claimed.
Institutional demonstration issued and hosted by the University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Physics; no personal byline or publication date is established.
Cited passages: apparatus opening; interference derivation; fixed-end frequencies; relaxed-cord assumption and calculated versus measured frequency table.
Issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. The footer credits Nancy Hall as editor and NASA official; no individual author byline is established. Last updated 13 May 2021, an online revision date.
Cited passages: speed-ratio definition; gas and temperature dependence; flight regimes; disturbance propagation and wind-tunnel similarity.
Issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. The footer credits Nancy Hall as editor and NASA official; no individual author byline is established. Last updated 13 May 2021, an online revision date.
Cited passages: slit source, two concave mirrors, knife edge and recording device; density-gradient contrast; dimensional interpretation.
Issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. The footer credits Tom Benson as editor and NASA official; no individual author byline is established. Last updated 13 May 2021, an online revision date.
Cited passages: wavefront geometry and displayed angle equations.
By Raymond S. Castner, as credited on the PDF cover and title page. NASA/TM-2010-216259, April 2010; issued by NASA Glenn Research Center and hosted by the NASA Technical Reports Server. The associated conference occurred in August 2009.
Cited passages: §II, printed p. 2; §§IV–V, printed pp. 8–9; Figures 7–10; concluding remarks, printed p. 10.
Institutional educational slide issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. Its footer identifies curator and responsible-official roles, without establishing a personal author. No publication or revision date is established.
Cited passages: slide 27, partially filled Tygon tube with water; total and static pressure connections; direction of water displacement and height-difference readout. The slide documents an experimental method and qualitative prediction, without supplying measured results.
Institutional demonstration instructions, M C 13 2, issued and hosted by Technische Universität Darmstadt. No individual author byline or publication or revision date is established; footer copyright is a separate date role.
Inspected locators: Info; Beschreibung, Hinweis zur Durchführung and Hinweis zum Aufbau.
Institutional demonstration instructions, A 62.2, issued and hosted by Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut. No individual author byline or publication or revision date is established; footer copyright is a separate date role.
Inspected locators: Allgemein; Durchführung, Material, Aufbau and Durchführung.
By John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, credited as Lord Rayleigh. Philosophical Magazine, Series 5, 10(60), 73–78 (August 1880). The manuscript ends June 1880; 28 April 2009 is the publisher online date.
Cited passages: pp. 73–74, expected intensity; pp. 75–77, planar construction and polar integration; pp. 77–78, unequal component amplitudes. The argument concerns large numbers of components.
Nature 150, 405–406. Journal article.
Physical Review 76, 1805–1809. Journal article.
Doctoral thesis.
Undated.
Undated.
Annalen der Physik 203(4), 497–523. Original paper metadata and indexed author footnotes.
Manufacturer experimental protocol LEP1.5.06. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional demonstration record. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Cited passage: original apparatus plate and Caltech description of weights, pulleys and pendulum-clock timing.
CompuTiX project documentation, hosted on Inria GitLab Pages. The Hertz theory section gives the sphere-plane contact radius, load, reduced modulus and pressure profile; the associated verification tests concern sphere-plane collision geometry. No personal author or publication date is inferred from the hosting service.
Physical Review E 50, R647–R650. Original research article and author-hosted abstract.
Cited passage: abstract, systematic search for simple quadratic three-dimensional flows and characterization by fixed points, Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimensions.
By Bruno Andreotti, Philippe Claudin and Olivier Pouliquen. Geomorphology 123, 343–348. Author-laboratory copy of the published paper, available online 7 August 2010. This six-page publication is distinct from the 2008 four-page arXiv preprint of the same title. Inspected §1, equation (1), and §2, experimental method.
By Daisuke Takahashi and Junkichi Satsuma. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 59, 3514–3519, published 15 October 1990. Publisher abstract describes solitary-wave interactions preserving identities and infinitely many conserved quantities. Full text access is restricted; no claim to inspection of the full paper is made. Publisher affiliations identify Takahashi with applied mathematics/informatics and Satsuma with applied physics.
University fluid-mechanics lecture notes, §3.11. Derives the force on an accelerating sphere in unbounded ideal fluid and introduces the added-mass matrix.
Institutional description of standing water oscillations, their basin setting, and wind or pressure disturbances. The rectangular shallow-water frequency calculation in the wiki is a separate idealized derivation.
Conference abstract describing laser vibrometry, proximity sensing and high-speed video during the onset of free-reed oscillation.
Institutional physics demonstration using coils, magnets and cones or cups.
DOE Office of Science, BES Discoveries, section Harnessing the Thermoacoustic Effect. Identifies Greg Swift and explains acoustic heat engines and refrigerators. Historical account, not a current device-performance benchmark.
Manufacturer training slides, particularly slides 8–14 on stress, strain, strain rate and measured rotational signals.
NIST-hosted primary paper, Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates 20(2), pp. 241–247. The abstract and apparatus description distinguish final slump from the additional time measurement used to estimate plastic viscosity.
By Heinrich Blasius. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik 56, 1–37.
Primary 1950 NACA-TM-1256 translation/reprint inspected: section I flat plate, no-slip boundary conditions and similarity transformation. Keep 1908 original and 1 February 1950 translation dates distinct.
1851 memoir, read 9 December 1850. Opening pendulum motivation and Part I section IV, articles 39–42, especially equation (126) for steady sphere resistance. Original notation distinguishes density from viscosity; citations use modern dynamic viscosity.
Official Weather in a Tank laboratory guide. No separate personal byline or publication date established.
Inspected Tank experiment, equations 1–6, and Atmosphere example, equations 7–11: rotating camera, free-surface pressure gradient and Rossby/geostrophic balance. Existing Massachusetts Institute of Technology/work records are reused.
MIT teaching module dated 14 June 2001. By David Roylance.
Verified primary passage: printed pp. 8–11, equation (5) and specimen-geometry discussion: critical stress intensity, crack size and small-plastic-zone validity. The numerical example in the wiki is independently calculated.
Lecture 26 of 16.346 Astrodynamics, Fall 2008. Pages 1–2 derive the linear relative-motion equations with radial coordinate xi and along-track coordinate eta; page 3 gives their solution using a different axis convention. Institutional attribution follows the PDF masthead.
Physics of Fluids 6(3), 1108–1115. Verified byline: S. F. Foerster, M. Y. Louge, H. Chang and K. Allia. The excerpt's abstract describes free-fall release without initial spin and stroboscopic trajectory measurements; its Table 1 reports normal restitution and frictional and tangential restitution properties for glass and acetate spheres. The collision researcher H. Chang is kept distinct from the helium-correlation author of the same initials.
Lecture 13, printed pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 15–17), distinguishes hydrodynamic and geometric near/far fields. Lecture 14, printed pp. 1–3 (PDF pp. 19–21), derives the Fraunhofer distance expansion and aperture Fourier transform, with quadratic phase error k L squared/(8 r). Lecture 14 retains a Winter 2022 heading; the compilation footer is 2024. Names and affiliation verified on the lecture title pages.
Original title: The “Salt-Fountain” and Thermohaline Convection. Tellus 12(2), 172–175 (1960). doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9378 . Primary scan: tellusjournal.org/articles/3452/files/6572a28649978.pdf . Publisher byline identifies Melvin E. Stern at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Cited passages: warm saline water above cool fresh water, unequal heat/salt diffusion and the salt-fountain mechanism.
Facility Overview:132m evacuated drop and5.18s microgravity; primary facility apparatus and research uses.
By C. B. Oland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, prepared for the United States Department of Energy, dated 30 July 2004.
Locators: §3.1.1, printed p.33 onward, steam-turbine operation and backpressure/condensing layouts; §3.1.2.1, printed p.39, actual enthalpy drop divided by ideal isentropic enthalpy drop. Byline remains initials; no expanded identity guessed.
Woods Hole GFD report; author byline David Osmond. Sections1–2 and Figure1: unequal diffusion, long tank, equal-density end sources and central constant-head overflow; later profiles distinguish fingering and diffusive layers.
Institution-issued educational protocol, Measuring the Speed of Sound Using Resonance: tuning fork, water column and repeated resonant lengths.
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