Early and later signs; erythema migrans can vary in appearance and need not have a classic bullseye.

2000, abstract: targeted flaB disruption, loss of motility and conversion of flat-wave cells to rod-shaped cells.

Opening description and Diagnostic Considerations: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, mucosal infection, asymptomatic infection and complications. No treatment regimen reproduced.

Diagnostic Considerations: Haemophilus ducreyi, painful genital ulceration and imperfect test sensitivity. No treatment regimen reproduced.

Abstract: tick-associated spirochaetes, rabbit observations and indirect immunofluorescence of patient serum. Full first-author name independently verified in NIH Record12April1983 and the author institutional repository escholarship.org/uc/item/9vj3t37b .

Abstract and introduction: comparative genomes of human commensal and pathogenic Neisseria; extensive natural genetic exchange.

D. Baltimore is the first author, with A. S. Huang and M. Stampfer, of a 1970 study showing RNA polymerase activity in vesicular stomatitis virus virions. The enzyme incorporated nucleotides into RNA complementary to the viral RNA. This distinguished the genetic information carried by a virus from the working molecular machinery packaged with it.^[ref]

A. S. Huang collaborated with D. Baltimore and M. Stampfer in a 1970 study of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis. The virion-associated RNA polymerase produced mainly complementary RNA. The product's sequence relationship matters: base pairing makes it evidence for copying information from the viral RNA, rather than merely attaching nucleotides into an unrelated chain.^[ref]

M. Stampfer coauthored with D. Baltimore and A. S. Huang a 1970 experiment demonstrating RNA-synthesizing activity in vesicular stomatitis virus virions. The finding connects virion composition with biochemical function: the particles carried an active RNA polymerase, not just RNA and structural proteins. The paper reports a collaborative result; its byline does not assign individual experimental duties.^[ref]

Amber L. Hartman is the first author of a 2010 collaborative genomics study reporting the complete genome of Haloferax volcanii DS2. This salt-adapted member of the Archaea is a useful model organism: it can be grown on simple defined media and investigated with genetics tools. A reference genome makes such experiments interpretable by identifying the genes and surrounding DNA being manipulated.^[ref]

The study describes a main chromosome of about 2.85 million bases, three smaller chromosomes and one small plasmid. Thus a complete genome need not be a single circular DNA molecule. The authors explain that their chromosome terminology reflects replication properties and earlier nomenclature, while acknowledging debate over the labels. This is useful experimental context: a gene placed on a smaller replicating element still belongs to the organism's total genetic complement.^[ref]

H. E. Alexander is the first author of a 1958 study showing that isolated poliovirus RNA could initiate infection in human cell culture. Cultures exposed to the preparation produced intact virus of the corresponding type. This supplied evidence that the RNA carried information needed for the infection process.^[ref]

The ribonuclease control was particularly informative. Treatment destroyed the infectivity of the isolated RNA preparation but did not destroy infectivity of intact poliovirus. That contrast helped distinguish exposed infectious RNA from residual whole-virus contamination. The experiment concerned specially prepared material in culture; it did not show that unprotected RNA has all the transmission properties of an intact viral capsid-containing particle.^[ref]

Volker Brinkmann is a researcher in cellular microbiology whose 2004 collaborative study described neutrophil extracellular traps. Activated neutrophils released chromatin and antimicrobial proteins into extracellular fibers that bound bacteria. The team combined observations of these structures with measurements of their antimicrobial effects.^[ref]

The observation was striking because it placed nuclear material in an extracellular defensive structure. Neutrophils can engulf microbes by phagocytosis, but a neutrophil extracellular trap acts outside the cell and concentrates antimicrobial components around bound organisms. Distinguishing the location of the material from its effect is essential: seeing extracellular DNA alone would not establish the full binding-and-killing mechanism. The reported experiments concerned specific activation and infection settings, rather than every possible state of a neutrophil.^[ref]

M. L. Dustin is the first author, with T. A. Springer, of a 1989 study testing how antigen recognition regulates T cell cell adhesion. Cross-linking the T-cell receptor rapidly increased the strength of adhesion through LFA-1 to its intercellular binding partners, and the effect was transient.^[ref]

The experiment distinguishes the amount of a surface molecule from its functional state. A cell can change how effectively an existing adhesion system works after receiving a signal, without that observation requiring a newly made adhesion apparatus. The short-lived response also supplies a way to coordinate recognition, stable contact and later detachment.^[ref]

T. A. Springer contributed to experiments connecting immune-cell surface proteins with recognition and cell adhesion. In a 1982 study with D. I. Beller and collaborators, selective antibody blocking related Mac-1 to binding of targets bearing iC3b, a fragment involved in the complement system.^[ref]

With M. L. Dustin, T. A. Springer later investigated how stimulating the T-cell receptor changes adhesion through LFA-1. The 1989 experiments found a rapid, transient increase in adhesion strength. This supplied a mechanism for coordinating target recognition with sticking and subsequent release, rather than treating the presence of an adhesion protein as a fixed measure of how strongly a cell will bind.^[ref]

D. I. Beller is the first author of a 1982 study relating Mac-1 to a specific function of the complement system. The investigators used an antibody against Mac-1 and a rosette assay, in which appropriately coated red blood cells bind around immune cells. The antibody inhibited binding mediated by the complement fragment iC3b, while selected other receptor-dependent binding remained intact.^[ref]

The controls separated selective inhibition from indiscriminate loss of cell binding. The original conclusion was that Mac-1 was identical to, or closely associated with, the relevant complement-receptor function. A blocking experiment can establish a strong functional association without, by itself, resolving every molecular detail of that association.^[ref]

Steven D. Marlin is a researcher whose work helped identify a molecular pair involved in cell adhesion. In a 1987 study with T. A. Springer, Steven D. Marlin tested whether purified ICAM-1 could bind biological cells carrying LFA-1.^[ref]

The investigators incorporated purified ICAM-1 into artificial supported lipid bilayers. Cells carrying LFA-1 bound, while the negative comparison cells did not. Antibodies against either partner inhibited the interaction when applied to the corresponding surface.^[ref]

Reconstitution narrowed the explanation. Adhesion between two intact biological cells might depend on many surface components; supplying one purified candidate in an artificial membrane reduced that complexity. Blocking each side independently then tested whether both identified proteins contributed to the measured attachment.

Michael S. Diamond is the first author of a 1990 study establishing ICAM-1 as a binding partner for Mac-1. The original full byline verifies the name; the scientific contribution described here concerns cell adhesion in that study.^[ref]

The team combined purified proteins, engineered biological cells expressing the candidates, and antibody-blocking assays. Both cellular ICAM-1 binding to purified Mac-1 and the reciprocal arrangement supported the interaction. Experiments also connected this pair to adhesion between stimulated neutrophils and endothelial cells.^[ref]

The reciprocal design is the illuminating feature. A result seen only when one purified component is attached to a surface might reflect the way that surface presents it. Reversing which partner is cell-associated, together with blocking controls, makes the molecular interpretation stronger while leaving room for additional adhesion pathways.

Barbara J. May is the first author of a 2001 whole-genome sequencing study of Pasteurella multocida strain Pm70. The team assembled its DNA sequence and identified $2014$ predicted coding sequences, providing a reference for investigating a bacterial pathogen rather than treating all strains as genetically identical.^[ref]

The work also used DNA microarrays to compare gene expression under ordinary and iron-depleted conditions. This connected the sequence catalogue with a physiological perturbation: which measured expression patterns changed when an important nutrient became less available?^[ref]

Prediction and functional demonstration remain different steps. A sequence resembling a transport protein suggests a possible role; an expression change adds evidence of regulation, while directly testing transport or removing the gene asks a further question. The genome resource made such hypotheses more specific without validating every predicted function at once.

Joseph Wybran is the first author of a 1972 study investigating a rosette assay as a marker of human lymphocytes associated with the thymus. In the assay, sheep red blood cells surrounded certain human lymphocytes, producing a recognizable cluster that could be counted.^[ref]

The investigators compared blood and developing tissues, finding the highest proportions of rosette-forming cells in the tested thymus samples. They combined those distributions with observations in immune disorders to propose a chiefly thymic origin for the blood population.^[ref]

The important step was connecting a visible binding behaviour to a biological population. Counting clusters is an operational measurement; identifying the cell's origin is an interpretation requiring independent evidence. The historical study supplied evidence for a marker, not a rule that every lymphocyte forms a rosette under every set of assay conditions.

Aharon Oren is a microbiologist and coauthor of the 2022 revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, published in 2023. This work contributes to prokaryotic nomenclature: shared rules that let researchers apply and track names consistently.^[ref]

One useful technical distinction concerns a strain. The code describes it through descent from one isolation in pure culture, while a culture is a population at a particular place and time. Serially transferring material into fresh vessels can therefore produce several cultures of the same strain.^[ref]

The example shows why a laboratory sample label and a biological identity are different kinds of information. Two vessel labels do not by themselves establish two independent strains, and descent from one isolation need not establish descent from one original biological cell.