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If some iterate $T^n$ is a contraction on a complete metric space, then $T$ itself has exactly one fixed point: uniqueness for $T^n$ forces $T$ to fix its fixed point.

Suppose the inhomogeneous linear wave equation has an energy estimate in a Banach solution space $X_T$, and its nonlinearity obeystogether with the corresponding locally Lipschitz estimate. For a sufficiently large closed ball and sufficiently small $T$, the map that solves the linear equation with source $F(w)$ is a contraction. The contraction mapping theorem then gives a local weak solution.

The contraction mapping theorem states that a map $f$ of a nonempty complete metric space into itself, satisfying $d(fx,fy)\le qd(x,y)$ for some $0\le q<1$, has a unique fixed point. Iteration from any point converges to it; for example $d(f^{n}x,\tau (f))\le q^{n}d(x,fx)/(1-q)$.

Assume $X$ is nonempty. Its boundedness makes $\delta$ finite. Symmetry, positivity and separation follow pointwise from $d$, and taking the supremum of $d(fx,hx)\le d(fx,gx)+d(gx,hx)$ proves the triangle inequality. Hence $\delta$ is a uniform metric.

If $(f_n)$ is a Cauchy sequence in this uniform metric, each $(f_n(x))$ converges by completeness of $X$; denote its limit by $f(x)$. Given $ϵ>0$, choose $N$ so that $\delta (f_n,f_m)<ϵ$ for $n,m\ge N$. Letting $m\to \infty$ gives $d(f_n(x),f(x))\le ϵ$ for all $x$, so $f_n\to f$ uniformly. To prove continuity, fix $x$ and useChoose $N$ so the outside terms are small, then use continuity of $f_N$ for the middle term. Thus $f\in \mathrm{Maps}(X,X)$, proving completeness of the continuous-map space in the uniform metric.

The contraction subspace is not necessarily complete. On $X=[0,1]$, $f_n(x)=(1-1/n)x$, $n\ge 2$, are contraction mappings and converge to the identity by uniform convergence. Their only possible uniform limit is not a contraction, so this Cauchy sequence has no limit in $\mathcal{C}$.

Nevertheless the fixed point assignment is continuous. Fix $f\in \mathcal{C}$ with contraction constant $q_f<1$, and put $u=\tau (f)$, $v=\tau (g)$. ThenConsequently $d(\tau (f),\tau (g))\le \delta (f,g)/(1-q_f)$. This proves continuity of the fixed-point assignment at $f$ without requiring one contraction constant valid for every $g$.

In this setting a formal group law means a one-dimensional commutative series $F(X,Y)\in R[[X,Y]]$ with identity zero andIt starts with $X+Y$; there is a unique inverse series $\iota (T)=-T+\cdots$ satisfying $F(T,\iota (T))=0$. For coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$, the series and its inverse converge on $p{\mathbb{Z}}_p$, making this ideal a topological abelian group under $F$.

Set $a(T)={\partial }_{Y}F(T,0)\in 1+T\mathbb{Z}[[T]]$, and write $a(T{)}^{-1}={\sum }_{j\ge 0}{b}_j{T}^j$. The formal logarithm isDifferentiate associativity in the third variable at zero. It gives $a(F(X,Y))={\partial }_{Y}F(X,Y)a(Y)$, so ${\partial }_{Y}L(F(X,Y))=L^{\prime }(Y)$. Subtracting $L(Y)$ leaves a series independent of $Y$, whose value at zero is $L(X)$. Thus $L(F(X,Y))=L(X)+L(Y)$.

For odd $p$, the logarithm converges on $I=p{\mathbb{Z}}_p$: the valuation of its degree-$n$ term is at least $n-v_p(n)$, which tends to infinity. Put $u(T)=L(T)-T$. For $x,y\in I$, factor $x^n-y^n$ to obtainfor every $n\ge 2$ and odd $p$. Hence $u$ is a contraction with constant at most $1/p$ and maps $I$ into $pI$. The equation $L(x)=z$ is equivalent to $x=z-u(x)$; the contraction mapping theorem gives a unique solution in $I$ for every $z\in I$. The same estimate shows $|L(x)-L(y){|}_p=|x-y{|}_p$, so the logarithm is a topological group isomorphism. Dividing its values by $p$ givesThis is the deep logarithm subgroup of a formal group argument, here with depth one.

For $p=2$, the degree-two estimate at depth one need not be strict. At depth two, however,so the same proof gives $F(4{\mathbb{Z}}_2)\cong (4{\mathbb{Z}}_2,+)\cong {\mathbb{Z}}_2$. This subgroup has index two in $F(2{\mathbb{Z}}_2)$, because $F(x,y)\equiv x+y(\mathrm{mod}4)$ when $x,y\in 2{\mathbb{Z}}_2$.

Indeed the topological structure of a formal group on twice the 2-adic integers has just two possibilities. Let $G=F(2{\mathbb{Z}}_2)$, let its index-two subgroup $H$ have topological generator $h$, and choose $v\notin H$. Write $2v=ch$, with $c\in {\mathbb{Z}}_2$, using group notation. If $c$ is odd, $2v$ generates $H$ and $v$ generates $G$, giving $G\cong {\mathbb{Z}}_2$. If $c$ is even, $v-(c/2)h$ has order two and lies outside $H$, giving $G\cong H\times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. The ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ multiples are defined by continuity in this compact pro-two group.

For explicit contrasting examples, the formal additive group $F_a(X,Y)=X+Y$ gives $F_a(2{\mathbb{Z}}_2)\cong {\mathbb{Z}}_2$, which is a torsion-free group. The formal multiplicative group $F_m(X,Y)=X+Y+XY$ is identified by $x\mapsto 1+x$ with $1+2{\mathbb{Z}}_2$. Its element $x=-2$ corresponds to $-1$ and has order two. Moreoverand the logarithm identifies the second factor with $4{\mathbb{Z}}_2$. The two resulting groups are ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ and $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\times {\mathbb{Z}}_2$, so they are not isomorphic.

A contraction mapping $T$ on a metric space satisfies $d(Tx,Ty)\le qd(x,y)$ for all $x,y$, with one constant $0\le q<1$. The contraction mapping theorem says that on a nonempty complete metric space such a map has a unique fixed point; successive iterates from any starting point converge to it. More precisely, if $x_n=T^n{x}_0$, then $d(x_n,x_{\ast })\le q^{n}d(x_1,x_0)/(1-q)$.

The Volterra integration operator maps continuous functions to continuous functions. In the uniform norm,This constant cannot be decreased: for $f=1$ and $g=0$, $Af(x)=x$, and both uniform norms are one. Hence $A$ is not a contraction.

Changing the order of integration over the triangular region givesThus$A^2$ is a contraction, with sharp constant $1/2$. This is an example of an iterated contraction.

The contraction mapping theorem states that a contraction mapping of a nonempty complete metric space into itself has a unique fixed point $x_{\ast }$. For any starting point $x_0$, the iterates $x_{n+1}=f(x_n)$ converge to $x_{\ast }$, with the quantitative estimateCompleteness and the self-map condition are essential: the geometric estimate makes the iterates a Cauchy sequence, completeness supplies their limit in $X$, and continuity of the contraction mapping makes that limit a fixed point. If two fixed points existed, their distance would be at most $q$ times itself, forcing equality of the points.