The thermodynamic activity is the dimensionless quantity defined by , where is the molar gas constant. For an ideal dilute solution with a specified concentration reference, ; departures from ideality are represented by an activity coefficient multiplying this ratio.
An effective gas pressure defined by in a specified standard-state convention. It approaches the gas pressure at low density and differs from the dimensionless fugacity.
The dimensionless ratio of a gas species' chemical fugacity to its pressure in the pure-fluid convention. Its thermodynamic activity relative to a gas reference pressure is . For mixtures the pressure denominator uses the species' partial pressure. The ideal-gas limit has .
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Thermodynamic activity is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a solution, taking into account interactions between particles. It provides a way to understand how the presence of other components in a mixture influences the behavior of a specific component compared to an ideal situation, where components behave independently. In ideal solutions, the activity (\(a\)) of a species is equal to its molar concentration (\(C\)).