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If a normal matrix satisfies $Ax=\lambda x$, then $A^{†}x=\overline{\lambda }x$. Indeed, $M=A-\lambda I$ is normal and $\Vert Mx{\Vert }^2=x^{†}{M}^{†}Mx=x^{†}M{M}^{†}x=\Vert M^{†}x{\Vert }^2$. Since $Mx=0$, also $M^{†}x=0$. This identity proves orthogonality of distinct eigenspaces and gives spectral restrictions for Hermitian matrices, skew-Hermitian matrices and unitary matrices.

Every complex symmetric matrix admits a unitary congruence decomposition with a unitary matrix $U$ and nonnegative diagonal entries $s_j$ equal to its singular values. This differs from unitary similarity diagonalization. It reduces a multimode squeezed vacuum to independent oscillator squeezing factors.

If $A$ is a Hermitian matrix, then $(I+iA{)}^{-1}(I-iA)$ is unitary. This Cayley transform maps each real eigenvalue $\lambda$ to the unit-modulus number $(1-i\lambda )/(1+i\lambda )$.

An $N\times N$ CKM matrix starts with $N^2$ parameters of a unitary matrix. Independent quark rephasings remove $2N-1$ phases because the common phase has no effect. The remaining $(N-1{)}^2$ parameters consist of $N(N-1)/2$ angles and $(N-1)(N-2)/2$ CP-violating phases. Extra mass degeneracies may reduce this generic count.

For the Dirac representation of the gamma matrices, the unitary matrixsends ${\tilde{\gamma }}^0$ to $\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& I_2\\ I_2& 0\end{array}\right)$ while commuting with every spatial gamma matrix. This is the standard Weyl representation of the gamma matrices with spatial blocks $(0,{\sigma }^i;-{\sigma }^i,0)$. The similarity transformation preserves the Clifford algebra relations. Changing block-order or chirality conventions can change the displayed transformation, so its direction must be specified.

A Hermitian matrix model replaces a spacetime field by a finite-dimensional Hermitian matrix. Its normalized integral supplies correlation functions and a zero-dimensional perturbative quantum field theory expansion. For an action built from traces of matrix powers, unitary matrix conjugation is a symmetry and the eigenvalues describe the invariant degrees of freedom. A quartic real integral needs a nonnegative highest-order coupling for convergence; a formal power series can be studied independently of this convergence issue.

If a spatial method of lines has a Hermitian matrix $H$, its generator $-iH$ is a skew-Hermitian matrix. The matrix exponential $e^{-itH}$ is a unitary matrix, so it preserves the Euclidean norm and any constant-volume discrete L2 norm. Equivalently, differentiating the squared norm gives $2\mathrm{Re}(-i{U}^{\ast }HU)=0$. A real sampled potential preserves the Hermitian property of a symmetric discrete Laplacian. Subsequent time discretization must be assessed separately.