Michel F. Kropman coauthored research on liquid water.^[ref]

The liquid phase of water. Its density is much greater than that of dilute water vapor, allowing the liquid's specific volume to be neglected in the usual integrated Clausius-Clapeyron relation.

Anne Willem Omta coauthored research on liquid water.^[ref]

The liquid phase of water. Its density is much greater than that of dilute water vapor, allowing the liquid's specific volume to be neglected in the usual integrated Clausius-Clapeyron relation.

Francis William Aston developed a mass spectrograph that separates ions by their mass-to-charge ratio. Combined electric field and magnetic field deflections focus ions of the same ratio onto a photographic detector despite part of the initial velocity spread. Distinct lines from chemically identical material reveal isotopes: atoms of one chemical element with different masses. His account explains how the apparatus, calibration and experimental errors determine which lines can be resolved, turning an inferred chemical anomaly into a quantitative mass measurement.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

Marthada V. Kilday coauthored research on enthalpy.^[ref]

The usefulness of enthalpy lies in matching the imposed constraint: a fixed-pressure experiment naturally reports $\Delta H$, while fixed-volume heating with no other work reports $\Delta U$. Neither equality is universal. Additional work or changing pressure alters the relation between supplied heat and $\Delta H$; irreversible entropy production also prevents identifying actual $\delta Q$ with $TdS$. The separate Joule-Thomson coefficient branch uses enthalpy to describe throttling under its own assumptions.

A.-M. Mårtensson-Pendrill coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

U. Ljungblad coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

A. Klinkmüller coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

D. Hanstorp coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

M. Gustafsson coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

U. Berzinsh coauthored research on electron affinity.^[ref]

For chlorine, a published photodetachment threshold is $A_{\mathrm{ea}}/(hc)=29138.59(22)\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, approximately $3.612725\mathrm{eV}$ per chemical atom. Here $h$ is the Planck constant, $c$ the speed of light, and the inverse-length unit expresses an energy through a spectroscopic wavenumber. The parentheses give the reported uncertainty in the last digits, not a range of possible sign conventions.

Svante Arrhenius studied the temperature dependence of acid-catalysed sugar inversion. The Arrhenius equation expresses a reaction rate constant in terms of an exponential dependence on inverse absolute temperature.

Taking a logarithm converts the constant-parameter form into a straight line against inverse temperature. An Arrhenius plot can therefore estimate an activation energy, while curvature warns that the simple parameterization may be inadequate.^[ref]

Akio Mitsui coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Koji Kawamoto coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Shigenori Hama coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Yuki Kato coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Takashi Kamiyama coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Masao Yonemura coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Ryoji Kanno coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.

Masaaki Hirayama coauthored research on superionic conductor.^[ref]

A solid with unusually rapid ionic motion while its host framework remains ordered.