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A carbon-based fibre reinforcement with strongly direction-dependent stiffness and strength.

A composite material contains distinct constituent phases arranged in a microstructure. Its macroscopic response depends on both phase properties and geometry, not just volume fractions. Anisotropic effective conductivity can arise even when every constituent has isotropic thermal conductivity.

The fraction of composite volume occupied by reinforcing fibres; physically achievable values depend on fibre geometry, packing, matrix infiltration and voids.

A slender glass reinforcement. Its mechanical role depends on orientation, aspect ratio and bonding to the matrix.

The thermal conductivity tensor maps a temperature gradient to the negative heat-flux density. In passive reciprocal conduction it is symmetric positive definite. This permits direction-dependent transport while ensuring positive dissipated energy.