A fluctuation theorem relates probabilities of positive and negative entropy production. In a steady-state large-deviation form, the rate function often obeys in units where is the entropy-production rate.
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The Fluctuation Theorem is a significant result in statistical mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics that describes the likelihood of observing certain fluctuations in the thermodynamic properties of systems far from equilibrium. It provides a mathematical framework for understanding how thermodynamic quantities, such as entropy, deviate from their average values during fluctuations in small systems.