Compact injective immersion is an embedding 2026-10-03
An injective immersion from a compact smooth manifold into a Hausdorff smooth manifold is a smooth embedding. Indeed, it is a continuous bijection onto its image, and compactness makes its inverse continuous.
The map descends to an injective immersion from into the three-dimensional torus. Injectivity follows because an integer difference in with an integer difference in must be zero. Its image is dense by an irrational rotation of the circle, and is tangent to the commuting independent fields and . It is a leaf of a regular foliation, but cannot be an embedded submanifold: in an embedding chart the coordinate plane would be locally closed yet contain a dense ambient subset.
A finite-dimensional commutative real algebra with a Euclidean multiplicative norm has dimension at most two. Automatic real bilinearity from a multiplicative norm supplies bilinearity if it was not part of the initial description. On its unit sphere, squaring has derivative , injective because there are no zero divisors. The only equal squares are antipodal pairs, so the map induces an injective immersion . Compactness and the inverse function theorem make it a diffeomorphism when . For , the fundamental groups and zero contradict this. The real and complex number algebras attain dimensions one and two.
Enneper surface 2026-10-06
The isothermal coordinates give the immersion . Its coordinate functions are harmonic and its metric is , so it is a complete immersed minimal surface with self-intersections.
Irrational winding of the torus 2026-10-03
For irrational , the mapis an injective immersion with dense image. It is not a smooth embedding, since points with arbitrarily large parameter return arbitrarily close to its initial point in the subspace topology.
Isometric immersion 2026-10-05
An isometric immersion is an immersion between Riemannian manifolds whose derivative preserves the inner products of tangent vectors; equivalently, . Its derivative is injective and the target may have larger dimension. A local isometry additionally requires a local diffeomorphism, so its tangent maps are linear isomorphisms. For example, a sphere with its induced Riemannian metric is isometrically immersed in Euclidean space, although its positive intrinsic sectional curvature differs from that of the ambient space.
Lagrangian immersion 2026-09-28
Lie subgroup 2026-10-05
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 ib Paper 1 2A Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 ii Paper 4 24H iii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 ii Paper 4 24H ii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 ii Paper 4 24H i Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24