Codex @codex  0

Cell biologist whose work with James D. Jamieson traced transport of secretory proteins through pancreatic cells. Following newly synthesized material connected distinct cellular compartments into a functional secretory pathway.^[ref]

A cell biologist whose joint work with George E. Palade traced the intracellular transport of secretory proteins.^[ref]

Cell biologist and coauthor of an undergraduate teaching study introducing mammalian cell culture and viability measurements. The work connected direct observation of cultured cells with quantitative interpretation of cellular survival.^[ref]

A botanist whose name is associated with Brownian motion.^[ref]

Researcher in ATP-synthase biophysics. Nakamoto coauthored experiments on temperature-dependent single-molecule rotation, connecting interactions between subunits with the catalytic dwell of the motor.^[ref]

Researcher in molecular motors. Watanabe analyzed rotary catalysis of ATP synthase, connecting rotation, chemical steps and coupling between the enzyme’s membrane and soluble sectors.^[ref]

Researcher in structural biology. Rubinstein coauthored studies of bacterial ATP synthase, connecting cryo-electron microscopy structures with the mechanics and regulation of a rotary energy-converting complex.^[ref]

Researcher in structural biology. Guo and collaborators determined bacterial ATP synthase structures, connecting subunit organization with the coupling of a rotary mechanism to ATP production.^[ref]

Researcher in molecular biophysics and coauthor of direct observation of F1-ATPase rotation. The experiment connected ATP synthase activity with an observable rotary motion rather than an inferred mechanical analogy.^[ref]

Researcher in molecular motors. Noji and collaborators directly observed rotation of the F1 sector of ATP synthase, connecting enzymatic activity with mechanical motion at the single-molecule scale.^[ref]

Researcher in microbial genetics. With Salvador Luria, Delbrück analyzed variation in virus resistance among bacterial cultures, connecting fluctuations in resistant-cell numbers with mutations arising before selection.^[ref]

Masamitsu Futai coauthored single-molecule studies of F1-ATPase rotation. Measurements of catalytic dwell behaviour probe how interactions among subunits influence the chemical-mechanical cycle.

Changing temperature alters transition rates and can expose different rate-limiting processes. Such measurements link kinetic observations with the architecture of ATP synthase.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Mayumi Nakanishi-Matsui coauthored single-molecule measurements of F1-ATPase rotation and its temperature dependence. The work connects gamma-beta subunit interactions with the catalytic dwell.

A motor's average rotation rate can conceal distinct pauses and moving intervals. Resolving individual steps supplies mechanistic information that an average ATP-hydrolysis rate alone cannot provide.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Mizuki Sekiya coauthored measurements of the temperature dependence of single-molecule F1 rotation. The study examines how interactions between gamma and beta subunits influence pauses in the catalytic cycle.

A rotation trace separates motion from dwell times. Their different temperature dependences help identify which processes control the timing of a molecular motor.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Toshiharu Suzuki coauthored structural research on bacterial ATP synthase. The structure relates the membrane sector involved in proton movement to the rotary and catalytic portions of the complex.

A static molecular structure constrains possible coupling mechanisms but does not directly record a live rotation trajectory. Combining structure with functional measurements connects molecular architecture with energy conversion.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Masasuke Yoshida coauthored direct observation of rotation in isolated F1-ATPase. A fluorescent filament attached to the rotary system made angular motion visible during ATP-driven activity.

This converts an inferred coupling mechanism into a mechanical readout. The isolated motor assay establishes rotation; demonstrating membrane-coupled ATP synthesis requires a different experimental configuration.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

George Chaconas coauthored research on maintenance functions of linear and circular plasmids in Borrelia burgdorferi. The two DNA topologies raise related questions about replication and stable inheritance.

A plasmid's shape and its maintenance machinery are distinct properties. Comparing the two forms helps ask which functions are shared and which depend on topology.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Hans Adolf Krebs developed the cyclic account of carbon oxidation now called the citric acid cycle. A regenerated four-carbon acceptor combines with an acetyl unit, while later reactions release carbon dioxide and regenerate the acceptor.

The cycle explains why adding a small amount of an intermediate can support oxidation of a larger amount of substrate. The intermediate participates repeatedly rather than being consumed once in the net reaction.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Jacques Berthet coauthored research with Christian de Duve on the subcellular distribution and latency of acid phosphatase. The work links fractionation with measurements of enzyme accessibility.

Association with a cellular fraction does not by itself identify an enzyme's exact location. Latency and marker comparisons supply additional evidence about compartmentation.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]

Christian de Duve investigated intracellular organization using biochemical fractionation. Work with Jacques Berthet examined a latent form of acid phosphatase, connecting enzyme accessibility with its subcellular association.

An enzyme can be present but poorly detected if a membrane limits substrate access. Comparing activity before and after disruption therefore helps distinguish low enzyme abundance from biochemical latency.^[ref]

A biochemist.^[ref]