Infrared bound 2026-09-28
The infrared bound controls the nonzero Fourier modes of a spin correlation by the inverse lattice dispersion. Its momentum integral is finite in dimension at least three and can force spontaneous magnetization at low temperature.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 iii Paper 209 2 ii Solution 2026-09-28
The spin-length sum rule and Fourier inversion giveThe zero mode contains the square of the field-directed magnetization, while the infrared bound controls all nonzero modes. After and then ,Near zero, , so the integral is finite exactly when . Choose larger than the resulting finite constant. Then for the right side is positive, and .
If before , every finite torus retains global symmetry and its magnetization is zero. The reversed iterated limit is therefore zero. The order of limits is what permits spontaneous magnetization.