Home Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Check out: OurBigBook.com, the best way to publish your scientific knowledge. It's an open source note taking system that can publish from lightweight markup files in your computer both to a multi-user mind melding dynamic website, or as a static website. It's like Wikipedia + GitHub + Stack Overflow + Obsidian mashed up. Source code: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook.
Sponsor me to work on this project: 100k USD = I quit me job and work on it one year full time. Status: ~144k / 200k USD reached: 1st year locked-in, 2nd year stretch goal open at 200k USD. 1M USD = I retire and do it forever. How to donate: Section "Sponsor Ciro Santilli's work on OurBigBook.com".
I reached 100k USD after a 1000 Monero donation, so I quit my job for 1 year starting 1st June 2024 to solve as many STEM courses as I can from a world leading university to try and kickstart The Higher Education Revolution. If I reach 200k USD, then I'll do it for two years instead. A second year greatly improve chances of success: year one I solve a bunch of courses, year two I come guns blazing with the content and expand further.
Mission: to live in a world where you can learn university-level mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering from perfect free open source books that anyone can write to get famous. More rationale: Section "OurBigBook.com"
Explaining things is my superpower, e.g. I was top user #39 on Stack Overflow in 2023[ref][ref] and I have a few 1k+ star educational GitHub repositories[ref][ref][ref][ref]. Now I want to bring that level of awesomeness to masters level Mathematics and Physics. But I can't do it alone! So I created OurBigBook.com to allow everyone to work together towards the perfect book of everything.
My life's goal is to bring hardcore university-level STEM open educational content to all ages. Sponsor me at github.com/sponsors/cirosantilli starting from 1$/month so I can work full time on it. Further information: Section "Sponsor Ciro Santilli's work on OurBigBook.com". Achieving what I call "free gifted education" is my Nirvana.
This website is written in OurBigBook Markup, and it is published on both cirosantilli.com (static website) and outbigbook.om/cirosantilli (multi-user OurBigBook Web instance). Its source code is located at: github.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io and also at cirosantilli.com/_dir and it is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless otherwise noted.
To contact Ciro, see: Section "How to contact Ciro Santilli". He likes to talk with random people of the Internet.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013.jpg https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/Ciro_Santilli's_learn_teach_apply_logo.png
Besides that, I'm also a freedom of speech slacktivist and recreational cyclist. I like Chinese traditional music and classic Brazilian pop. Opinions are my own, but they could be yours too. Tax the rich.
I offer:
My approach is to:
For minors, parents are welcome to join video calls, and all interactions with the student will be recorded and made available to parents.
I have a proven track of explaining complex concepts in an interesting and useful way. I work for the learner. Teaching statement at: Section "How to teach". Pricing to be discussed. Contact details at: Section "How to contact Ciro Santilli".
I am particularly excited about pointing people to the potential next big things, my top picks these days are:
I am also generally interested in:
Figure 1.
Ciro Santilli's amazing Stack Overflow profile
. Ciro contributes almost exclusively by answering question he Googles into out of his own need, and never by refreshing the newest question of big tags for low hanging fruit! More information at: Section "Ciro Santilli's Stack Overflow contributions".
Video 1.
Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
. Source.
Video 2.
OurBigBook Web topics demo
. Source. The OurBigBook topic feature allows users to "merge their minds" in a "sort by upvote"-stack overflow-like manner for each subject. This is the killer feature of OurBigBook Web. More information at: docs.ourbigbook.com/ourbigbook-web-topics.
Video 3.
OurBigBook dynamic article tree demo
. Source. The OurBigBook dynamic tree feature allows any of your headers to be the toplevel h1 header of a page, while still displaying its descendants. SEO loves this, and it also allows users to always get their content on the correct granularity. More information at: docs.ourbigbook.com/ourbigbook-web-dynamic-article-tree.
Video 4.
OurBigBook local editing and publishing demo
. Source. With OurBigBook you can store your content as plaintext files in a Lightweight markup, and then publish that to either OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features, or as a static website where you are in full control. More information at: docs.ourbigbook.com/publish-your-content.
Video 5.
Top Down 2D continuous game with Urho3D C++ SDL and Box2D for Reinforcement learning by Ciro Santilli (2018)
Source. More information: Section "Ciro's 2D reinforcement learning games". This is Ciro's underwhelming stab at the fundamental question: Can AGI be trained in simulations?. This project could be taken much further.
Video 6.
Water Margin tribute to Chinese dissidents by Ciro Santilli (2022)
Source. Part of Ciro Santilli's campaign for freedom of speech in China, see also: cirosantilli.com/china-dictatorship/water-margin.
Figure 2.
Lenovo ThinkPad T430 running a BIOS hello world
. Source code: github.com/cirosantilli/x86-bare-metal-examples. Ciro's Linux Kernel Module Cheat is a closely related and much more important project that covers the Linux kernel and assembly language.
 -------------------------------------
|  Force of Will               3 U U  |
|  ---------------------------------  |
| |                  ////////////   | |
| |                ////() ()\////\  | |
| |               ///_\ (--) \///\  | |
| |        )      ////  \_____///\\ | |
| |       ) \      /   /   /    /   | |
| |    ) /   \     |   |  /   _/    | |
| |   ) \  (  (   /   / /   / \     | |
| |  / ) ( )  / (    )/(    )  \    | |
| |  \(_)/(_)/  /UUUU \  \\\/   |   | |
| .---------------------------------. |
| Interrupt                           |
| ,---------------------------------, |
| | You may pay 1 life and remove a | |
| | blue card in your hand from the | |
| | game instead of paying Force of | |
| | Will's casting cost.  Effects   | |
| | that prevent or redirect damage | |
| | cannot be used to counter this  | |
| | loss of life.                   | |
| | Counter target spell.           | |
| `---------------------------------` |
|                                     l
| Illus.  Terese Nelsen               |
 -------------------------------------
Code 1.
ASCII art of a Force of Will Magic: The Gathering card inscribed in the Bitcoin blockchain
.
Artist unknown, uploaded December 2014. Part of Section "Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain" where Ciro Santilli maintains a curated list of such interesting inscriptions.
This was a small project done by Ciro for artistic purposes that received some attention due to the incredible hype surrounding cryptocurrencies at the time. Ciro Santilli's views on cryptocurrencies are summarized at: Section "Are cryptocurrencies useful?".
Figure 3.
YellowRobot.jpg
. Source.
JPG image fully embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain depicting some kind of cut material art depicting a yellow robot, inscribed on January 29, 2017.
Ciro Santilli found this image and others during his research for Section "Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain" by searching for image fingerprints on every transaction payload of the blockchain with a script.
The image was uploaded by EMBII, co-creator of the AtomSea & EMBII upload mechanism, which was responsible for a large part of the image inscriptions in the Bitcoin blockchain.
The associated message reads:
Chiharu [EMBII's Japanese wife] and I found this little yellow robot while exploring Chicago. It will be covered by tar or eventually removed but this tribute will remain. N 41.880778 E -87.629210
This is one of Ciro Santilli's favorite AtomSea & EMBII uploads, as it perfectly encapsules the "medium as an art form" approach to blockchain art, where even non-novel works can be recontextualized into something interesting, here depicting an opposition between the ephemeral and the immutable.
At twitter.com/EMBII4U/status/1615389973343268871 EMBII announced that he would be giving off shares of that image on Sup!?, a Bitcoin-backed NFT system he was; making. In December 2023, he gave some shares of the robot to Ciro Santilli.
Figure 4.
2010 Wayback Machine archive of starwarsweb.net
.
This website was used as one of the CIA 2010 covert communication websites, a covert system the CIA used to communicate with its assets. More details at: Section "CIA 2010 covert communication websites".
Ciro Santilli had some naughty OSINT fun finding some of the websites of this defunct network in 2023 after he heard about the 2022 Reuters report on the matter, which for the first time gave away 7 concrete websites out of a claimed 885 total found. As of November 2023, Ciro had found about 350 of them.
Figure 5.
2010 Wayback Machine archive of noticiasmusica.net
.
This is another website that was used as one of the CIA 2010 covert communication websites. This website is written in Brazilian Portuguese, and therefore suggests that the CIA had assets in Brazil at the time, and thus was spying on a "fellow democracy".
Although Snowden's revelations made it extremely obvious to the world that the USA spies upon everyone outside of the Five Eyes, including fellow democracies, it is rare to have such a direct a concrete proof of it visible live right on the Wayback Machine. Other targeted democracies include France, Germany, Italy and Spain. More details at: USA spying on its own allies.
Video 7.
How I found a Star Wars website made by the CIA by Ciro Santilli
. Source. Slightly edited VOD of the talk Aratu Week 2024 Talk by Ciro Santilli: My Best Random Projects about the CIA 2010 covert communication websites.
Figure 6.
Diagram of the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms by Ciro Santilli (2020)
Shows the relationship between group homomorphisms and normal subgroups.
Figure 7.
Spacetime diagram illustrating how faster-than-light travel implies time travel by Ciro Santilli (2021)
Used in the Stack Exchange ansewr to Does faster than light travel imply travelling back in time?. One of Section "The best articles by Ciro Santilli".
Figure 8.
Average insertion time into heaps, binary search tree and hash maps of the C++ standard library by Ciro Santilli (2015)
Source. Used in the Stack Overflow answer to Heap vs Binary Search Tree (BST). One of Section "The best articles by Ciro Santilli".
Video 8.
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture in two minutes by Ciro Santilli
. Source. Quick and direct explanation of the statement of the BSD conjecture for people who know basic university mathematics. This is one of the Millennium Prize Problems, and you will get a million dollars if you can solve it! This therefore falls in the Simple to state but hard to prove of Ciro Santilli's the beauty of mathematics aesthetics.
Figure 9.
Top view of an open Oxford Nanopore MinION
. Source. This is Ciro Santilli's hand on the Wikipedia article: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Nanopore_Technologies. He put it there after working a bit on Section "How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it" :-) And he would love to document more experiments like that one Section "Videos of all key physics experiments", but opportunities are extremely rare.
A quick 2D continuous AI game prototype for reinforcement learning written in Matter.js, you can view it on a separate page at cirosantilli.com/_raw/js/matterjs/examples.html#top-down-asdw-fixed-viewport. This is a for-fun-only prototype for Ciro's 2D reinforcement learning games, C++ or maybe Python (for the deep learning ecosystem) seems inevitable for a serious version of such a project. But it is cute how much you can do with a few lines of Matter.js!
HTML snippet:
<iframe src="_raw/js/matterjs/examples.html#top-down-asdw-fixed-viewport" width="1000" height="850"></iframe>
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The best articles by Ciro Santilli Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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These are the best articles ever authored by Ciro Santilli, most of them in the format of Stack Overflow answers.
Ciro posts update about new articles on his Twitter accounts.
A chronological list of all articles is also kept at: Section "Updates".
Some random generally less technical in-tree essays will be present at: Section "Essays by Ciro Santilli".
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Base58 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Invented for Bitcoin.
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Bitcoin Forum Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Good article about its history: en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitcoinTalk
Founded by Satoshi Nakamoto, making it the earliest and one of the most important Bitcoin communities. TODO official in any way? Who founded it?
Instance of Simple Machines Forum, an open source, PHP-based forum system.
Some notable appearances:
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bitcoin.org Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Official Bitcoin domain registered by Satoshi Nakamoto.
Registration: 2008-08-18 by www.namecheap.com, an American company. But using a privacy oriented registrar: bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/89532/how-did-nakamoto-untraceably-pay-for-registering-bitcoin-org It is unknown how he could have paid anonymously, so it seems likely that the true identity could be obtained by law enforcement if needed.
First archive 2009-01-31: web.archive.org/web/20090131115053/http://bitcoin.org/ Also from the archive history web.archive.org/web/20100701000000*/bitcoin.org, things really started picking up on July 2010. This is almost certainly due to the opening of
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BitcoinStrings.com Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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bitcoinstrings.com has all strings -n20 strings, we can obtain the whole thing and clean it up a bit with:
wget -O all.html https://bitcoinstrings.com/all
cp all.html all-recode.html
recode html..ascii all-recode.html
awk '!seen[$0]++' all-recode.html > all-uniq.html
awk to skip the gazillion "mined by message" repeats.
A lot of in that website stuff appears to be cut up at the 20 mark. As shown in Force of Will, this is possibly because they didn't use -w in strings -n20, and the text after the newlines was less than 20 characters.
That website can be replicated by downloading the Bitcoin blockchain locally, then:
cd .bitcoin/blocks
for f in blk*.dat; do strings -n20 -w $f | awk '!seen[$0]++' > ${f%.dat}.txt; done
tail +n1 *.txt
Remove most of the binary crap:
head -n-1 *.txt | grep -e '[. ]' | grep -iv 'mined by' | less
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Bitcoin whitepaper Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Released by Satoshi Nakamoto on the early mailing list discussions where Bitcoin was announced.
More conveniently available on bitcoin.org: bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf nowadays, except when it was down for a few years due to our master Craig Steven Wright.
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Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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This is a collection of cool data found in the Bitcoin blockchain using techniques mentioned at: Section "How to extract data from the Bitcoin blockchain". Notably, Ciro Santilli developed his own set of scripts at github.com/cirosantilli/bitcoin-inscription-indexer to find some of this data. This article is based on data analyzed up to around block 831k (February 2024).
Drop some Bitcoins at 3KRk7f2JgekF6x7QBqPHdZ3pPDuMdY3eWR if you are loaded and like this article in order to support some much needed higher educational reform: Section "Sponsor Ciro Santilli's work on OurBigBook.com".
When this kind of non-financial data is embedded into a blockchain some people called an "inscription". The study or "early" inscriptions had been called a form of "archaeology"[ref][ref]. Since this is a collection of archeological artifacts, we call it a "museum"!
One really cool thing about inscriptions is that because blockchains are huge Merkle trees, it is impossible to censor any one inscription without censoring the entire blockchain. It is also really cool to see people treating the Bitcoin blockchain basically like a global social media feed!
Starting on December 2022, ordinal ruleset inscriptions took the bitcoin blockchain by storm, and dwarfed in volume all other previous inscriptions. This museum focuses mostly on non-ordinals, though certain specific ordinal topics that especially interest he curators may be covered, e.g. Ordinal ruleset inscription porn and ordinal ASCII art inscription.
Hidden surprises in the Bitcoin blockchain by Ken Shirriff (2014) is a mandatory precursor to this article and contains the most interesting examples of the time. But much happened since Ken's article which we try to cover. This analysis is also a bit more data oriented through our usage of scripting.
Artifacts can be organized in various ways:
In this article we've done a mixture of:
  • themes: if multiple items fall in a theme, we tend to put it there first
  • then by media type if they don't fit any specific theme
  • then by encoding
  • and finally chronologically within each section
Who said it was easy to be a museum curator!
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Halvening messages Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Each Bitcoin halvening event prompts a few commemorative messages, much like a New Year's even event in the real world.
3rd (2020):
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Interesting AtomSea & EMBII uploads Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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tx e3e37ed5c1de2631c147bd39429e42ff634e95b7d72423bc32d6c6b9d8eef8ee (2014-07-01):
For my first official Journal entry I've decided to archive some old poetry. Here are a few of the computational poems I've created using cyphers.
Figure 1.
Shiemaa&Vincent.jpg
. Source.
Message:
"Even if we tried to do it on purpose, never would have we succeeded." My beloved Vincent.
TODO identify Shiemaa and Vincent.
Figure 2.
BikeLady.jpg
. Source. Bike Lady by Allen Lee Vandever. tx 2c4b9497af8c0c0eb9383357b40c3de33dba0b4f481099a32719f2b9036da8e7, block 319927 (2014-09-10)
Figure 3.
Arecibo_message.svg
. Source.
An "artificially" colored visualization of the Arecibo message ripped from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecibo_message.svg (with attribution).
The cool thing about this image is that it highlights the striking parallels between the encoding of the Arecibo message with crypto graffiti, because in both cases people were creating undocumented new ways of communicating with strangers on a new medium in those early blockchain days.
The associated message contains the Arecibo message as ASCII 0's and 1's. When properly cut at the newlines, they draw the message as ASCII art, as the original Arecibo encoding intends, here's a version with the 0's replaced by spaces to make it more readabale:
      1 1 1 1
  1 1     1 1       1
1   1   1   1  1 11  1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1  1

            11
          11 1
          11 1
          1 1 1
          11111

11    111   11    11
1             11  1
11 1   11   11    11 1
11111 11111 11111 11111

    1                 1

    1                 1
11111             11111

11    11    111   11
1       1         1
11 1    11   111  11 1
11111 11111 11111 11111

    1      11         1
          11
    1     11          1
11111     11      11111
          11
  1        1        1
    1      11       1
    11    11      1
      11   1    11
          11  11
      11   1    11
    11    11      1
    1      1        1
  1       11        1
  1        11        1
  1         1       1
  1       1       1
    1            11
    11        11
  1   111 1 11
  1       1
  1     11111
  1    1 111 1  1 11 11
      1  111  1  111111
1 111    111     11 111
          1 1     111 11
  1      1 1     111111
  1      1 1     11
  1     11 11

  111     1
  111 1 1   1 1 1 1 1 1
  111         1 1 1 1
              1 1
        11111
      111111111
    111       111
    11           11
  11 1         1 11
  11  11       11  11
  1   1 1     1 1   1
  1   1  1   1  1   1
      1   1 1   1
      1    1    1
      1         1
        1  1 1
  1111  11111 1  1111
Figure 4.
He sleeps in a temple.jpg
. TODO identify. Novel work by EMBII? TODO we need a geocacher to find it, some city in North America no doubt. tx 460ed23bea89176cdfe18e13fce51ad5386ad8e3e1f7d6f5b4711b3be97b0502, block 360565 (2015-06-12)
Figure 5.
PIA17563.jpg
. Source.
Associated message:
NASA: A purple nebula, in honor of #Prince, who passed away today. Image: Crab #Nebula, as Seen by Herschel and #Hubble Image credit: ESA/Herschel/PACS/MESS Key Programme Supernova Remnant Team; #NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester (Arizona State University) #PIA17563
Figure 6.
Dr_Craig_Wright.jpg
. Source.
The image is present e.g. at: www.kitguru.net/channel/jon-martindale/australian-man-claims-he-is-satoshi-nakamoto-bitcoin-creator/ It was inscribed about two months after Craig publicly claimed that he is Satoshi.
This is a relatively unusual AtomSea & EMBII upload as it does not have the common toplevel transaction, everything, text + image fits into a single transaction. This is perhaps why the image is relatively low resolution to have a smaller size.
Figure 7.
YellowRobot.jpg
. Source.
Photography by EMBII, original art by TODO.
The associated message reads:
Chiharu and I found this little yellow robot while exploring Chicago. It will be covered by tar or eventually removed but this tribute will remain. N 41.880778 E -87.629210
This is one of Ciro's favorite AtomSea & EMBII uploads. This is the cutest thing ever, and perfectly encapsules the "medium as an artform" approach to blockchain art. More Chiharu stalking at: ILoveYouMore.jpg.
At twitter.com/EMBII4U/status/1615389973343268871 EMBII announced that he would be giving off shares of that image on a Bitcoin-based NFT sale system he's making called Sup!?, and in December 2023 gave some shares to Ciro Santilli. Amen.
Other possibly novel EMBII street photography:
Audio:
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Ordinal ASCII art inscription Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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This is a quick overiew of ASCII art ordinal inscriptions.
It was obtained by casually scrolling down the list of the largest text ordinal inscription on less until patience ran out.
Some of them are dedicated ASCII art inscriptions, others are just small highlights to other more important text like code.
Although tere is some element of commercialism in some those inscriptions, a bit like what is rampant in the images, some of them are honestly just cool and possibly novel.
Ordinal ruleset inscription collections:
  • Humongous surfers. These are very large ASCII arts, by far the largest on the chain. Being so large allows for shades of gray to be encoded on the average luminosith of individual letters:
  • Michael Jackson Unicode art. Uses Unicode Braille characters. Marked "First Onchain Collection" and "Legends @ BTC" . Pretty cool design, the textures are quite cool and suggest glittering flying seat. Though if those ever sell, someone is going to get sued to Hell by MJ's estate!
    • 1/12 tx 7e6c5f8ebb41604c79f2af60bb7af623c42b32afe4d7571ba81d7b9b44d33a2d
    • 2/12 tx 8ac99472b865d01f8724ba23b6f79ca56d30b44fae0eb509984237b722b812c3
    • 5/12 tx 74c94ceba91cf59de2740bcfa5bc2fdb3ea0d4499e73a12100ed365d25ae9061
    • 7/12 tx 0360a10e67365ab8cc4e32f199c71cabf4fb6a08ca9773dd1d13d7f7936dcf99
    • 8/12 tx 4814880f931db8aa59e1c2aba2c227e83d928d297cbe91978458b6d83e38ddfc
    • 9/12 tx 909228c88176b65f5705ade5fa059030d4c646cacd171737af03ac965047fa82
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⠄⠀⢀⠠⠐⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⢁⢠⣼⣶⡶⠛⠛⢋⠀⠂⠁⠄⠈⣄⣦⣁⣂⠡⢀⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⢄⠡⢐⡈⠔⡈⠤⠑⡀⠆⡐⢀⠂⠌⡐⠀⠄⠂⠁⠠⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠄⠀⠁⠀⡀⠀⠂⠀⠐⠀⠠⠀⠠⠀⠀⢀⠂⠀⠄⠈⣠⣶⣿⣏⠖⠂⠁⡐⢀⠠⢁⠈⠄⣱⢏⡲⢭⡛⠿⠷⠶⢥⣈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⢈⠐⠡⢈⠐⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⡁⢂⠌⠄⡒⠌⡐⠡⢃⠌⡐⢀⠂⠌⡐⠠⢈⠀⠂⡁⢀⠂⠁⡀⠐⠈⠀⠀⢀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⢀⠀⠈⠀⡀⠄⠀⠄⠐⠈⠀⠀⠄⠂⣰⣿⣿⠫⠁⠀⠂⢱⠀⡀⠀⢀⡈⠼⣇⢯⡒⠥⢚⠡⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⠶⣥⣈⠔⡈⠄⣁⠂⠌⠄⠡⢈⠂⢡⠈⡐⠄⠌⡒⢨⠐⡡⠑⡌⠰⠈⠤⢈⠐⠠⠁⠄⠂⡁⠠⠀⡀⠂⠀⠄⠐⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠈⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⡀⠠⠀⠂⠁⠚⠄⡆⢸⣿⡟⡃⠄⡂⠁⠠⠈⠳⣶⣄⡠⣸⡝⢶⢢⡑⠊⠄⡑⢢⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠿⡆⠐⡈⠄⡈⠔⡈⠐⠂⢌⠀⠆⡐⠨⠐⠤⢁⠆⢡⠑⡈⠅⡑⠂⡄⠊⠄⠡⢈⠐⢀⠂⢁⠀⠂⠁⡀⠂⠀⠄⠀⠠⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠐⠀⠁⢀⠀⠄⠐⢀⠠⢀⠐⡀⠦⠐⡀⠀⠁⠄⠋⠉⠴⢁⠈⡙⠇⠀⠂⠁⠈⠛⢿⣷⡿⣜⢢⠙⠄⠂⠀⠠⠙⠦⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠄⢃⡐⡐⠠⠂⠄⢃⢁⠂⠌⡐⠠⣁⠩⠐⡌⠰⡁⢎⠰⡁⠆⢡⠀⠅⣈⠐⠠⠈⠄⢂⠠⠀⢁⠀⠄⠐⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠠⠀⠐⠀⡀⠄⠡⠈⠐⠂⢈⠂⠑⠐⠨⡀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠈⠀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠘⡄⠂⢀⠐⠈⢠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠻⢿⣷⣭⡄⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠌⡐⢢⣾⣿⣷⡇⠌⣀⠂⠌⡐⠠⠡⠄⢂⠱⢈⠆⠱⣈⠒⠤⢉⠄⢊⡐⠠⠈⠄⠡⢈⠠⠀⠌⢀⠠⠀⠂⠀⠄⠀⠄⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⡀⠀⠈⢀⠠⠀⠄⠀⠀⠁⠀⠁⡀⡀⠀⡄⠀⢈⠁⠆⠀⡁⠀⡌⢆⠟⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⠐⢀⠀⠙⠻⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠐⠈⢀⠐⠠⠄⣩⣿⣿⣿⠩⠐⠠⢈⡐⠠⠑⡠⠉⡄⠢⣁⠊⢅⠢⡉⢆⠡⢊⠤⠐⠡⠈⠄⡁⢂⠐⢈⠠⠀⡀⠂⠁⠠⠀⠂⢀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠁⠀⠀⠐⢈⠀⠀⠂⠀⠄⠀⢠⠀⡀⠀⠀⠐⠂⢁⢀⠐⠠⠀⠄⠀⠈⢀⠀⠄⠐⠤⠑⢈⠈⠄⠚⠧⠀⠡⠀⢀⠀⠄⠀⠀⢀⠈⡙⢿⣻⣤⡀⠂⠈⠀⠌⡐⠐⡀⢋⠉⢃⠰⠉⢄⠡⠠⠑⡠⢁⠒⡈⠔⡠⢉⠢⠑⡌⢢⠑⡌⠄⢃⠌⡐⢂⠐⠠⠈⠄⠂⠐⡀⠄⠁⠠⠐⠀⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⢀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⡀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠆⠠⠈⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⢊⠴⢂⠡⢀⠠⠐⡈⠔⡈⠀⠀⠠⠐⣀⠁⠄⠀⠀⠈⠐⠀⠠⢀⡐⡈⠄⡁⠯⣽⣆⠀⠁⢂⡐⠡⠴⠋⠀⢀⠂⡉⠄⢂⡁⠆⡁⢂⠂⡅⠢⢑⠢⢁⠣⡘⢄⠣⡐⢉⠄⢂⡐⠠⠈⠄⠡⢈⠀⠡⠀⡐⠈⢀⠐⠀⢀⠀⠄⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠂⠁⢀⠠⠀⢀⠈⠀⠀⠂⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠒⣡⠒⠡⠒⠠⠄⠀⠠⠀⠀⠄⣬⠃⠀⠠⠁⠀⠄⡁⢦⠼⣰⣥⠖⠀⡀⠙⠳⡀⠀⢆⢁⠂⠡⠐⠤⢈⠐⡈⠤⠐⡐⡈⠄⢒⡀⠣⠌⡰⠁⢆⠱⡈⠆⡑⢨⠈⠤⠀⡅⠈⠄⡁⠂⠌⠐⡀⠄⠂⠀⠄⠈⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠁⠀⢀⠀⠀⠡⠀⡐⠀⠈⡀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠂⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣈⡇⠀⠠⠐⠠⢁⠢⣉⠆⡉⠴⣁⣈⡙⠜⠃⠄⡁⢂⠘⠆⣈⠡⠀⠐⢂⠡⠐⢂⠡⢐⠠⠉⡄⠰⢁⠊⠔⣉⠢⡑⢌⢂⠱⡀⢊⠄⡡⠠⢁⠂⠄⠡⠈⠄⠐⡀⠌⠀⠂⢀⠁⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⡀⠁⠀⠈⠀⢀⠀⠐⠀⠀⡀⠀⠡⢀⠑⡀⠠⠁⠈⡀⠂⡀⠐⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⣠⣽⣿⠃⠀⠁⢂⠱⣂⠑⡌⡐⣍⢲⣀⡉⠉⠀⠁⠂⠴⡲⣌⠐⡀⠆⠀⠈⡄⢂⡉⠄⢊⠄⠂⠥⠐⣁⠊⢌⠒⡠⢃⠜⡠⢊⠤⢑⠠⠒⠠⢁⠂⠌⠠⠁⠌⡀⠡⢀⠐⠈⠀⠄⢀⠈⠀⠀⡀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⢀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⠄⠠⠐⠠⠠⠁⠀⠰⢀⠑⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠈⢠⡜⣽⣿⣯⢡⠀⠈⠠⠑⠤⢣⠐⠱⠌⢧⡍⠁⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠉⣏⠓⡐⢈⠀⢁⠰⢀⠂⠜⠠⡈⠜⠠⡁⢂⠅⡊⠤⠑⡌⢢⠑⡌⢢⠁⠆⡡⠑⡠⠈⡄⠡⢈⠐⢀⠂⠄⠂⢁⠀⠂⠀⡀⠄⠁⠀⡀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠁⠀⠀⠄⠈⠀⠀⠐⠈⠀⠀⠀⠄⠂⠀⡀⠀⠠⠀⠡⠈⠠⠐⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡘⡼⢻⣿⣲⢣⠎⡰⠀⠁⡈⠀⠄⠂⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⡀⠀⠁⠀⠤⢃⠙⣆⠀⠀⣂⠡⠘⡈⠔⡐⠌⠡⡐⢡⠘⡠⢊⡑⢌⠢⡑⢌⠢⡑⡈⠤⠑⠠⡁⠄⡁⠂⠌⡀⠂⠄⠡⢀⣄⣂⣡⣤⣴⡶⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠂⠀⠐⠀⢀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠐⠀⠀⠄⠀⡀⠁⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡌⡐⣸⢱⢻⣿⠇⢣⠘⢄⠓⡲⠄⠢⠐⡁⢂⠁⠀⢀⠀⠄⠀⠀⢀⠈⠀⢈⠀⠣⢮⠀⠀⡤⠈⢅⠒⠠⡁⢊⠡⠐⢂⠢⢑⠂⡌⢢⠑⡌⢢⠑⠤⠑⡈⠆⠡⠐⡀⢂⠁⠂⠄⣡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣟⣯⣛⣃⣀⣐⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠐⠀⠀⠐⠈⠀⠀⠠⠈⠀⠀⠐⠀⠈⢀⠠⠐⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⡔⢠⠁⣼⡃⡎⣿⡘⡄⠣⠌⢂⠡⡌⠆⠡⠐⠠⢈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠡⢀⠀⠀⡷⢫⡄⠌⡡⠐⣁⢂⠩⠠⢑⡈⢆⡘⢄⠣⡘⠤⣉⠢⢑⠠⢁⢊⠐⡐⢠⢌⣴⣾⣿⠿⣩⢝⠲⠌⣻⣿⣟⣟⣿⣿⡿⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢀⠀⠁⠀⠀⢀⠈⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⠂⠁⢀⠀⠁⠀⡀⠄⠂⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠂⠔⡁⠄⢺⣿⣿⢿⣿⢦⡁⢎⡴⢋⠔⡨⢐⠡⡘⠠⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠂⡔⣀⠠⠀⠀⣐⢧⠾⡶⢥⢒⠠⢂⠡⢁⠂⡌⠰⢈⠢⡑⢌⠒⡄⢃⠢⢁⢂⢂⡜⡘⣜⢾⣿⣿⣥⣘⠠⢈⠐⠠⢙⣿⣻⣯⣵⣿⠁⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠁⠀⢀⠀⠁⠀⠂⠁⠠⠐⠀⡀⢀⠈⠀⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠄⠂⠀⠌⣸⣿⣧⣏⣮⢳⡼⢏⡘⢤⠚⢠⠃⠰⣁⠂⡁⠀⠁⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠤⠉⠀⠁⠀⠀⢋⠌⠐⡀⣊⣾⡷⣾⠤⣁⠒⣀⠣⢈⠔⡁⢎⡰⣈⡦⡵⠎⠎⠲⢀⠁⠀⠌⠡⢋⡾⠵⢾⣤⣎⣰⢀⡆⡱⣾⠘⠀⢀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⡀⠈⠀⡀⠀⠁⠀⠂⠀⠄⠀⡀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠠⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢂⠁⠂⡍⣿⣿⣷⣯⡟⠱⡈⠜⡠⢉⠦⢁⢣⠦⣥⠀⠀⡀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠠⠀⠁⠀⠀⠠⢀⠡⢐⠩⣴⣧⣍⣦⢰⡶⣤⡻⣵⢞⡻⢟⡋⣍⠒⢍⠒⡌⠐⠀⢠⠈⢀⠀⠡⠼⠀⡀⢀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠁⠀⡀⠠⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⡀⠁⠐⠀⠠⠀⠂⠀⠐⠀⠠⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠄⢊⠱⣘⠼⣿⣿⣟⡰⢃⠬⣑⠢⢍⢂⠡⣎⠝⡂⠅⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠠⢁⠂⠈⠀⠀⠁⡬⠖⠨⢀⠻⠿⠛⣈⠤⠑⠡⠼⡐⢆⡉⠌⡑⠌⠐⡀⠠⠀⢂⡁⢖⣈⠤⢜⠒⡁⠐⢀⠀⠄⠈⡀⠁⠠⠁⠀⡀⠄⠀⠀⠄⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⢀⠀⠁⠀⠐⠀⠈⠀⠐⠀⠁⡀⠂⠁⡀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⢈⠐⡌⢢⠌⡻⢿⣯⣟⠶⣉⠖⡡⢊⠐⡊⣑⢨⣰⡼⢃⠀⠀⠁⠀⡀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠌⠐⠈⠆⠀⠘⢂⠄⠁⠄⠂⠄⡡⠀⢠⠛⢄⠓⡀⠒⠠⠐⠠⡁⠆⡰⢀⠬⣁⠆⣑⠚⡘⠠⠀⠄⡁⠄⠂⠐⡀⠠⠀⢁⠀⠂⢀⠀⠐⠀⢀⠀⠀⠐⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠄⠂⠁⠀⡀⠀⠈⢀⠠⠈⠀⠁⠠⠈⢀⠀⠄⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⢀⠂⡘⢄⠫⣖⠱⢚⠟⠿⢷⣯⣶⠯⢞⡵⣮⢗⠳⣌⠣⠄⠂⠀⠂⠐⠀⠀⡀⠈⡐⠠⠈⠀⠀⢀⠂⠄⢨⠀⠆⠸⠄⠐⠠⢁⠂⠡⠤⠁⠆⡡⣒⠀⢒⠧⠂⠕⡈⠐⡀⠂⠄⠡⠈⠄⠐⠠⠁⢂⠀⠐⢀⠠⠀⠂⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠄⠐⠀⠀⡀⠁⠀⡀⠄⠈⠀⠄⠐⠀⠠⠀⠐⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠢⢌⡌⠰⣈⠛⣦⣭⣩⣍⡴⣰⠚⣭⣞⠳⢎⡳⣌⠡⠂⠀⠠⠈⠀⡐⠀⠀⠀⠄⠡⠈⠄⠀⢀⠋⠆⡖⠨⢂⠁⡐⣈⠣⢄⡈⠔⣤⢩⠰⠥⢂⠋⠌⡐⡉⢐⠠⠁⠄⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠁⠂⠄⠂⢁⠠⠀⠐⡀⠁⠐⠀⠁⡀⠂⠀⡀⠂⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠂⠀⠁⠀⠠⠁⠀⠀⠂⠁⠀⠂⠈⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢂⠡⠀⠃⠂⣀⠳⣌⠳⣄⣃⠓⡌⢎⢥⣿⠳⣌⡛⡬⡕⡎⡔⢁⠀⠁⠀⠄⠀⠄⠀⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⠀⠠⢈⡐⢀⠆⣀⠒⠠⢂⠡⢒⡘⢡⠐⡄⢃⠒⢄⠣⠘⡄⡘⣀⠂⢡⠈⢂⠡⠈⠄⠡⠈⠄⡁⠂⠌⡀⠐⢈⠀⠄⠈⡀⠌⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢀⠀⠀⡀⠈⠀⠐⠀⡀⠈⠀⠐⠈⠀⠄⠁⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠄⢀⠰⢠⢉⠳⣧⢘⠻⣷⣾⣾⣞⣣⡝⢦⣙⠶⡝⣞⡴⢂⠀⠀⠂⠀⠠⡀⠀⠀⠌⠠⢁⠂⠀⠠⢁⠰⢈⠐⠠⡈⢁⠢⢁⠂⠤⢁⠊⠤⢁⠊⡐⠌⡡⠐⠄⡐⠈⡄⠌⡀⢂⠡⠈⠄⡁⠂⠄⡁⢂⠐⢈⠠⠀⢂⠀⠄⠀⠐⠀⡀⠄⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠄⠀⡀⠁⠀⠂⠀⠄⠁⠠⠈⠀⠄⠂⠠⠀⢂⠠⠀⠁⠀⠠⠀⡁⠀⠌⢀⠡⠐⡀⠰⠀⢈⠢⡑⢎⠤⡙⡞⣧⣙⠶⣦⣍⣛⣏⡽⣣⢮⣝⠾⣱⢊⢆⠠⠈⠀⡀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠌⡐⢀⠂⠀⠐⠠⠒⢠⢁⠒⠠⡁⢂⠢⠉⡔⠨⡐⠡⠌⡐⢌⠰⢠⠉⠤⢁⠒⡀⠂⠔⡀⢂⠁⠂⠄⡁⢂⠐⠠⢈⠠⠀⢂⠀⠄⠂⠈⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠁⠀⠠⠀⢀⠀⠁⡀⠈⠀⠐⠀⠠⠁⠀⠄⠁⠠⠀⢀⠐⠀⡀⠀⠠⠀⠄⠂⠌⠀⠀⠀⡁⠠⠂⠀⢧⡙⣦⢡⠹⣌⡻⢶⣅⠻⠿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣜⣣⢧⣋⣦⠁⠄⠀⡀⠠⠀⠈⢀⠢⠐⡀⠂⠀⠈⠡⠘⡀⠂⠌⠡⠠⢁⠂⡑⠠⢃⠰⢁⠊⠔⡈⠔⠂⡅⠒⣀⠂⡐⢁⠂⡐⠠⢈⠐⠠⠐⠀⠂⡁⠄⠀⠂⠀⠄⠂⢀⠂⠁⠀⠀⡀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠂⠁⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⢀⠀⠁⡀⠂⠀⠄⠁⠠⠈⢀⠐⠀⡀⠂⠠⢀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⢳⡍⣖⢫⠖⣤⡙⢳⣽⣻⢷⣦⣝⣻⠿⣿⣿⡻⢿⣿⣿⢶⠀⠀⡀⠐⠀⢀⠂⠡⢀⠡⠀⠀⡁⠆⠡⢈⠐⠡⢁⠂⢌⠠⠑⡈⠔⣁⠊⠤⢑⠨⠑⠄⡃⠄⠒⣀⠂⡐⠠⢁⠂⡈⠐⢈⠀⡁⠠⠐⠈⢀⠁⠠⠈⠀⠠⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠈⠀⢀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠄⠀⡀⠁⠠⠈⢀⠐⢀⠀⠂⠀⠄⢁⠠⢀⠀⠀⠀⡐⠀⢂⠑⠨⠀⠀⠠⢸⣾⣾⣿⣿⣷⣯⣷⢦⣙⠿⣾⣶⣾⠿⢶⣶⣽⣳⣦⡴⣠⢂⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠌⡐⢀⠂⠀⠀⡐⠈⠄⠡⡈⠔⠠⢁⠂⠌⢡⠈⠆⡄⠣⡈⠆⡡⢉⠢⢁⢊⠡⢀⠂⠄⡁⢂⠐⡀⠁⢂⠠⠀⠐⠀⡁⠠⠀⠂⠀⡁⠀⠀⠂⠁⢀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⠂⠁⠀⠠⠀⠈⢀⠠⠀⠀⠄⠁⠠⠀⢀⠂⠀⠌⠀⡐⠀⠄⠀⢂⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠨⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣻⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⣿⢿⡿⡾⢿⡿⠿⢿⣻⠭⠙⠁⠁⢀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠂⡐⠠⢈⠀⠀⡐⠉⠤⢁⡐⢈⡐⠄⠊⢌⠠⠘⡠⠌⡐⢡⠘⡄⢃⠜⢠⠂⣂⠡⢈⠐⡀⢂⠐⠠⠁⠠⠐⢈⠀⠐⠀⠠⠐⠈⢀⠀⠈⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠐⠀⠀⠂⠀⠐⠈⠀⠀⠄⠁⠠⠈⢀⠐⠀⡐⠈⢀⠐⠀⡐⠈⠐⡀⠐⠀⠀⠈⠀⠂⠀⠀⠂⠀⡀⠈⠛⠿⠵⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣀⠠⢀⠠⠀⠐⠈⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠄⡁⢂⠀⠀⠄⢃⠰⢀⠰⢀⠐⡈⠔⠂⠌⣁⠢⠘⣀⠃⡌⠰⣁⠊⡄⢃⠄⢂⠂⡐⢀⠂⠌⡀⢁⠂⢈⠀⠠⠁⠐⠀⠠⠈⢀⠠⠈⠀⠀⠄⠀⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠈⢀⠀⠈⢀⠠⠈⢀⠐⠀⠐⠀⠠⠐⠀⡀⠂⠠⠀⠁⠄⠂⠁⡐⠀⠀⠀⡀⠁⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⡠⢌⠣⣍⢢⡁⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⡐⠈⠠⠐⠠⠀⠀⠌⡀⠆⡈⠐⠠⢈⠐⡈⠔⠡⡀⠆⢡⠐⠌⡐⠡⢄⠃⡌⢂⠌⠄⠒⡀⠂⠌⠠⠐⠀⠄⠂⡀⠁⠄⠈⢀⠐⠀⡀⠀⢀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠈⠀⡀⠈⠀⡀⠀⠈⠀⡀⠐⠀⠠⠈⢀⠈⢀⠐⠀⠠⠀⠁⠄⠁⢂⠈⠄⠀⠂⠌⢠⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠈⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠉⠆⢁⠒⠀⢀⠈⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠠⠀⡁⢂⠀⠀⢂⠁⠢⢈⡐⢁⠂⠰⠐⡈⠰⢀⠊⢄⡘⢠⠡⠑⣂⠱⡐⠌⠰⢈⠐⠠⠁⠌⠠⢁⠈⠄⠂⢀⠂⠀⠁⡀⠀⠂⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⡀⠁⠀⡀⠁⢀⠀⠐⠈⠀⠐⠀⡀⠂⢀⠈⠀⠌⠀⠄⢁⠠⠀⠂⠁⠄⠂⡀⠌⠁⠲⢄⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠄⠈⠀⢀⠐⠠⠀⠀⠂⠌⡁⢂⠐⠠⡈⢁⢂⠁⡒⢈⠐⢂⠰⢀⢊⠡⡐⠰⢈⠌⣁⠂⠌⠠⠁⠌⡐⠠⢈⠀⠌⡀⠠⠁⡀⠄⠐⠈⠀⡀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⢀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠠⠀⢀⠀⠁⡀⠀⠂⢀⠈⢀⠈⠀⠄⠀⠂⢀⠠⠁⠐⠈⢀⠠⠀⠂⢁⠈⠠⠐⠀⠄⠡⠀⢂⠀⠠⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⢀⠂⠐⠀⢁⠀⠠⢁⠂⣀⡈⠐⡀⠂⠌⡐⠠⢁⠂⢡⠐⡈⠰⢈⡐⠌⠄⢢⠑⠨⠄⢒⠠⠌⡀⠃⠌⡐⠠⠁⢂⠈⠄⠠⠐⠀⡀⠄⠂⠈⢀⠀⠀⠄⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠐⠀⠠⠀⠀⠄⠀⠐⠀⡀⠠⠀⠠⠈⠀⠄⠁⡀⠠⠀⢁⠈⠀⠄⠂⢁⠠⠀⢁⠠⠁⡈⢀⠂⠠⠈⠄⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠊⠄⢠⠀⠀⠁⠄⠀⠀⠈⠡⢀⢁⠢⢀⠁⠂⠌⡀⠂⠤⢁⠂⠰⠈⢌⡀⠎⣁⠊⢄⠒⠠⠁⠌⡐⠠⠁⠌⡀⢂⠠⠁⠄⠂⠀⠄⠂⠁⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠠⠀⠈⠀⢀⠠⠐⠀⠠⠀⠐⠀⡀⠈⠀⠄⠀⠄⠀⡁⠀⠂⢀⠂⢀⠐⠀⠄⠐⠈⡀⠐⠠⠐⠈⠠⠀⡁⠄⢀⠂⠁⠄⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠁⠌⠄⠀⠠⢁⠂⠀⠀⠀⡁⠂⠄⠂⠄⠌⡈⠐⠠⢁⠂⠤⢈⡁⠎⢠⠐⡈⠤⠘⡠⢈⠡⠌⡐⠠⠁⠌⡐⠠⠀⢂⠐⢀⠂⠁⡀⠂⠁⠀⠄⠀⡀⠁⠀⠄⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠐⠀⡀⠄⠐⠀⡀⠂⠀⠂⠀⠄⠁⠠⠀⠂⠠⠈⡀⠌⠀⡐⠈⡀⠂⢁⠂⡁⠄⠂⠄⠂⡈⠄⠠⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠄⠁⠄⠂⠄⠀⠂⠄⠡⢈⠐⡈⠐⠠⢉⠐⠠⢈⡐⠄⡐⠨⠄⢂⠅⠢⡑⢠⠁⠢⠐⠠⠁⠌⡐⢀⠂⡁⢂⠈⠠⠐⠀⠄⠂⠁⡀⠂⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⡀⠈⠀⠄⠀⠄⠂⠀⠄⠀⡁⠠⠁⠠⠈⠀⠄⢁⠀⠂⠠⠀⡁⠄⠂⠄⠡⠀⠂⠄⢂⠁⢂⠁⠄⠂⡁⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠠⠀⠂⠀⠠⠈⡐⢈⠀⠀⠈⠄⡁⢂⠐⠠⢉⠐⠠⡈⠄⠡⠐⡐⡈⠔⡈⢄⠊⡡⢐⠡⠌⢡⠈⠡⢈⠐⡀⢂⠐⠠⢀⠂⠁⠄⡁⠄⠂⠁⡀⠄⠁⡀⠀⠐⠀⠁⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀
     Michael Jackson * First Onchain Collection 9/12 * Legends @ BTC⠀⠀⠀⠀
    • 10/12 tx 74f2b9b61d2d79bf0f3ba1f13088fb1c56cf308202afd508b6b88fe4e8b99c74
  • Pepe the Frog themed collections:
ANSI art. These can only be viewed on a terminal:
ASCII porn:
Misc:
  • tx 9089c4fac49593628e1334bbfe94080819bdac67eac18c9ffece5a2bc235a380: wizard taking a shower
  • tx fdf9b82e3177c5404f8251ad26460788fc8b29cc4cbd4951ea5e8438dcce9631: and tx 2031b40ccb3944822be709c9a41f38e10ddf13c577b3f2c4d2046ac73020f6f9 middle finger Unicode art. Both marked "THE MIDDLE 1/15".
    Figure 4.
    THE MIDDLE 1/15
    . Screenshot taken from ordinals.com/content/fdf9b82e3177c5404f8251ad26460788fc8b29cc4cbd4951ea5e8438dcce9631i0.
  • tx ed3bd1a0cd8a18743acfd7162649a43b69f25a540fbfe6a2352a612ebfb381e6: JavaScript that generates a demoscene ASCII art animation that looks like a rotating thing
  • tx 78240e4691c7f75311a03125567f1e44fc0049db611f0ac554f04f8790e28e24: cute cartoon dog giving wearing a headband and giving thumbs up. The Chinese subtitle reads:
    买海豹胆小鬼
    which Google Translate translates as:
    A coward who buys seals
    TODO context. Sample hit at: twitter.com/0xTenkito/status/1612939684816031746
  • tx 3a474f540c1917817fba51d2f9fd647887c8c3cd9687eb8d34ab6787c9e8a7fa: ASCII art of mysterious man typing on his laptop. Satoshi comes to mind. The man's hat contains the following Korean characters;
    진실로같이가요
    which Google Translate translates as:
    Let’s go together truly
  • tx 18b7728f32ff27d410e57e289bca7b8c2bdf7c30a1c572a41acc1a8ff576b6ab: "I Want you BTC Maxis, Ordinal Army Enlist Now"
  • tx 2fc46b52e3ab7a1053c4c65a4dc3af6bb7e51eb15cb988294af3a203ad254eed: contains an ASCII art of an Iron Man-like mask with text:
    Did you know that within ASCII art an encrypted msg can be inside? All you need to do is decode it. Hence a pictureworthsthousandwords.
    But hopefully/presumably the author meant Steganography and not encryption right? Code "Your free GrrCon ticket" comes to mind.
  • tx 6d1d99ed05a152d59fdef4eb26a4a07a4f81dcd945249639af272504b4e70d27: Bitcoin whitepaper as Markdown, but with some great Unicode art rendition of the diagrams!
          ┌─────────────────────┐               ┌─────────────────────┐              ┌─────────────────────┐
      │                     │               │                     │              │                     │
      │    Transaction      │               │    Transaction      │              │    Transaction      │
      │                     │               │                     │              │                     │
      │   ┌─────────────┐   │               │   ┌─────────────┐   │              │   ┌─────────────┐   │
      │   │ Owner 1's   │   │               │   │ Owner 2's   │   │              │   │ Owner 3's   │   │
      │   │ Public Key  │   │               │   │ Public Key  │   │              │   │ Public Key  │   │
      │   └───────┬─────┘   │               │   └───────┬─────┘   │              │   └───────┬─────┘   │
      │           │    .    │               │           │    .    │              │           │         │
──────┼─────────┐ │    .    ├───────────────┼─────────┐ │    .    ├──────────────┼─────────┐ │         │
      │         │ │    .    │               │         │ │    .    │              │         │ │         │
      │      ┌──▼─▼──┐ .    │               │      ┌──▼─▼──┐ .    │              │      ┌──▼─▼──┐      │
      │      │ Hash  │ .    │               │      │ Hash  │ .    │              │      │ Hash  │      │
      │      └───┬───┘ .    │    Verify     │      └───┬───┘ .    │    Verify    │      └───┬───┘      │
      │          │     ............................    │     ...........................    │          │
      │          │          │               │     │    │          │              │     │    │          │
      │   ┌──────▼──────┐   │               │   ┌─▼────▼──────┐   │              │   ┌─▼────▼──────┐   │
      │   │ Owner 0's   │   │      Sign     │   │ Owner 1's   │   │      Sign    │   │ Owner 2's   │   │
      │   │ Signature   │   │      ...........─►│ Signature   │   │     ...........─►│ Signature   │   │
      │   └─────────────┘   │      .        │   └─────────────┘   │     .        │   └─────────────┘   │
      │                     │      .        │                     │     .        │                     │
      └─────────────────────┘      .        └─────────────────────┘     .        └─────────────────────┘
                                   .                                    .
          ┌─────────────┐          .            ┌─────────────┐         .            ┌─────────────┐
          │ Owner 1's   │...........            │ Owner 2's   │..........            │ Owner 3's   │
          │ Private Key │                       │ Private Key │                      │ Private Key │
          └─────────────┘                       └─────────────┘                      └─────────────┘
  • tx e643b2a25b6df9c1d5b0fad7168677a71b96544707efab16f0cf0266981cbe53: "Dear Luke Dashjr, here’s why I want to join the @TaprootWizards"
  • tx 6987171da8a07b365686f3ec25ccc08f731943eecbbebed0c9b0df63b58d69fe: classical painting of a nude female model marked "By Johnny Dollar J$"
  • tx 8ae6534ba41e305fedf068696111d5445e90c48cbd18081503e831399f1a11fb: HTML of monkey face with bow tie and pink cheeks. Cute! The HTML code is also arranged in a monkey like pattern.
  • tx d6c60f0efc9f3155712775c2a0f4e1d805f000fc50763c440cb575f252de371d: also seen at: www.h17n.art/: HTML with the busts of a few people who strongly criticized Bitcoin: Warren Buffet, "Paul Krugman", "Christine Lagarde" and "Peter Schiff":
    HYPERBITCOINIZATION
    A collection of 17 text inscriptions blessed by the most diligent bitcoin evangelists
                                                     ., ..,     ,
                                         ,..,  *,.  ,***/,..,/...,.
                                         ,.//(////*/#((//(##%#*   .  . .
                                    ,.**&&&&&%#%#%%%%%%###%%%%(//*,.  .         .
                              ..**/%&@&%&&@&@&@&@@&&&%%%%#%%&%%####/   ...
                       .,,.,(//(&&&&&&&&&&&&&@@&&%#%&(%%##%#%##%%%#((#(*  .,
                       /*(*(%&&&&&&&&&&&&@@@&@&&%%%%%%##((########(#((/(//,. *
                  .  .,(((%&@&&&@&&&&&&&&&&&@&&&%%#%####%##(((((((#(###((/*****.../   .
                 .,,(%&&&&&&&&&&@@@@@@@@&&&%%#%######(#%#(#(###(((((#((#(#(((//##//*,,, .
              ,, %%&%&&&&@&&@&@&%#@########%##(((((((#((((#(((#((((((#(#####(//(##(#((// *..
              ,.(%&&&&&&&@&&&&%&%%%%&&%&%%%%%%%&&&%%%%%%%%########((#######(#((/(((#%(#(((*.
           *  **%&&&&&&&&%%@%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%%%%##%##############(#(/##((####(((/,.
          *  .#&&%&&%@&&%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%%%%%#%%%%%#######((#####%#(//(((#((##((/((,
          , .%&%&&%&&%%&&@&&&&&@&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%%%%##%%%##(####(##(#(##%(((*(((###(#(/((/((#,
          .,&%%&%&%##&&@&&&&&&&&&&&&%&&&&&&&&@&&&&%%%%%%%%#######(####(((####/#/(/(#(((##(/(((((#(/*
          .#%#%&&&#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%#%%%%#######(#####(((##(#(/%/(//(#///(((/(((((((/.
          *(#%&&%%%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%#%%#####(##((#((((((((####(/((/((##/((((//(/((((/*
          ,###%%##%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%#########(#(((((((((((((%##(///*/((#/(#/((/(///(/**.
          */#%%%%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%&%#%%#%#########(#(#((((/((//(//#(#(/((/*//(((#(/*,,****
           *##%%%%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%%%%%#%%########((((((((///(##%(((#/(##,*(/#//((/****,...
            *(#%%%&&%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%%%&%%%%%#%#%#%%%#%###(/(((/(//(((/%(((/(////*/**//*****,***,
             ,#&&%%&%%&&&%&&&&&&&&&&%&%%%%%%#%%%%&%&&%&&%%%%###(((/////((###(%(/*/*,/,*,,,******,,,*
            *.&%&&&&&&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%#&%%%%&%&&%%%%%&&#####((##((((////(/###%(#//.**,***//,....,*.
            *%&%&&&&&&&&&%#%##%####(%%%&%&&&&%%(#(%%###(#((((/(////(((((/**..,,,**,**,,..,,,,,,*
            **///(%%&%#%####((#%%#(/((#/(,/(**//**,/%**///(#(/((/**,*.*%((//*/*/,***,,,,,***,,*/
       *,///*/((/**,*,**#%/*,/%&&##/**,***,,,*//((((((///.*..*.,.*(////*//*//**(***,,**////***(*
      *./*  ..##(*,,,,,  ,,*///##*,*/*,.,*,,,,.**..  .,..*,*/*#((///////////(******,,. .*****//
       ((..   (((###((###(//,*(#(/*/*//*//(//(((((((#####(#,/%#((///////////******//,,.,,***/*
        .*..  %%%&%%%%%%####,%&@&%#,/*###(##((###%%%%###%#%./#((//(//******/*****////,**//((/.
         .#,..%%%%%%%%####%%%&&&%%#(*,/#%%%%%%%#####%%%%&&%.#((///////***********////,**/((*,
           ,@,#%%%%%%&&&%%%&&&&&%#####(*(#%&&&&&&&&&&&%&%/#///////***************/*/**/(/*./,
             ((,/(%%###/*/%&&&&%%##(##%%%%//#%#((##/#//////(((((////****************,,,***(/
             .#%%%&&&&%%(%&&&&&&%##(#%##%((#%&%%%&&&&%%%%###((((////*********///***(/////((
              #%%&%&%%%#%&&&&@&%%%###%%##(#(*,//###%#######((((//////****//*///****(//((#(,
              ,###%%#(//%%%%%%%#(//(((///**,./(//*/(((((((((//////**/*****/********.//((/*
               /((((/*,.///(///*,,.     ..,*((##((/**//////***,,,,**************,,.,,,,*/
                ////*,.,(##(/*,,    .,*///(##(((//////(***,,,,..,*////******,,,,,,,,,,////.
                 ((**,,,*/(((((//**///((((((((//////******/*,//(//(///****,,,,,,,,,,*////*,.
                  (#####((//*/((((((((((////*/*,,,,,,,**//##(((////(/*,,,,,,,,,,,,,//////*...
                   (#%%%%#(##/*/(///***,,,,..  .,,**/**/#%%##(///*///*,,,,,,,,,,,*///////,,*.
                    .##%%##%#%###(//////#%#(###(/////(#%#%##(///**//*,,,,,,,,,,,////((//***       .. ....
                      (###%##((#####(#(((((((/*////##%%#(##(///*,*//,,,,,,,,,,*/////((////      . ..  .. . ....
                       (##%%%((((#(((/(((/((((//(((#(%##(#(/***,*//,,,,,,,,,**/////(///(.     . .........   .. ....
                 .......,#%&%#((((((#/(((#(((//###%%((#(/((*,,,***,,,,,,.,****///////(/        .......... .............
              .,...,......(%%%%%#%%%%%%%####%%#%%%###(//**,.,,*,,,,,,,,,****///////((  .. ... .......... ..............
            .............../%%%#%##%######%###%###////,,,,...,.,,,,,.**,**/////((((.   . ............... ..............
          ...........,,......############(##(#(/****,,,...,.,,,,,,,*,,,**////((//*    ................. ...............
         ......................((#((((/////***,,,,.,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,*///((///* ..................... ................
        .............................,*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*,,. .,,,,,,,*/((((/***   ......................................
       ............................  .#&%%%%%%#/,.,,... .,,,,,,,**/((#((/**/,........................ .................
       ............................ .(&&&%%%###(*,**/*,,,,,,***/((###(*////.......................... .................
      ............................../&&&#*  .  .    ////////(((##%#/////(........................... ...........,......
     ............................. ,#,,,,,/ /,  .,  ,##(####%%%#(((/*/#/............................ ...,..............
     ............................ *#****..#, /*. (*, (%%%%##((((///#%(.............................. ..................
    ............................./%&///*...#*.*(/ .*/.##(((((((#%%&&................,.............. ...................
    ............................/%@@@#*..,..     .   , ((((##%%&&&,....................... .   .............,..........
   ...........................,/%@@@@%/,..,.  ,. .  *#%%#%%&&&&&%......................  ........................,.....
   ..........................,/%&@@#* .#((.....* ,(%&&&&&&@@@@@...............................,................. ......
  ..........................,/#&@@*./#,..(/*.*. ,%@@@@@&&&@@@(......,.,...,....,...........,..,........................
 .....................,....,/#&&@(*...&(*,...,#(*&@@@@@@@@@@...................,..............,.......,................
 .........................,/#%&@*##(#.,,...%(*..(@@@@@@@@&.....,............. ...,.............................,.......
.........................,/#%&@%.#*/*..,#%...(*,%@@@@@&&#.,................. . ............... ........................
    Figure 5.
    Warren Buffett photo from hist Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation profile
    . Source. Off-chain reference image for the ASCII art.
Small art as part of an ad for something like a collection or service:
Read the full article
Ordinal ruleset inscription porn Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
View more
These were found by running object detection software for some porn/nudity detection. We need to run some more, all sex was likely missed: github.com/GantMan/nsfw_model/issues/160
Read the full article
Raw images Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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In this section contains a list of images we could find that wre uploaded as raw data to the blockchain, without any special encoding, e.g. as done by the AtomSea & EMBII system.
It is possible that some/most of those were uploaded via the cryptograffiti.info system, but since that indexer stopped working, and since the format is so non-specific, it is not possible be sure as far as we can tell.
These images were indexed by looking for standard transaction output script hashes that contain JPEG or PNG images immediately on the first payload byte based on file signature bytes and indexed/easily downloaded at github.com/cirosantilli/bitcoin-inscription-indexer#image-indexing-and-download.
Figure 1.
western-union-bitcoin-spoof.jpg.gz
.
This ad highlights one of the claimed potential advantages of Bitcoin: cheaper/faster cross border transactions.
This inscription is highlighted at Data Insertion in Bitcoin's Blockchain by Andrew Sward, Vecna OP_0 and Forrest Stonedahl. Finding Gzips with binwalk is hard because the file signature is only 2 bytes long (1F 8B), so there are lots of false positives.
Gzip binary uploaded at: raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/bitcoin-inscription-indexer/data/bin/200f3f6f8a91ae438d1924e5cedca98cea7f0197b9eba11343948b5621ca19ed.jpg.gz gunzip 1.12 complains:
western-union-bitcoin-spoof.jpg.gz: decompression OK, trailing garbage ignored
but we were not able to fix that: removing bytes at the end goes straight from "trailing garbage" to "incomplete file" after a certain byte.
Figure 4.
Super Mario coin sprite
. tx bf7ef3216ae09f8252c76e7d0031bc4aa131a23a6900f8371c44ffde7957c8da (2015-03-01). Possibly from Super Mario World for the SNES (1990). No doubt a self-reference to Bitcoin itself. Encoded as a data URL for a PNG image:
<img src="data:image/png;base64,
Visible e.g. at www.pinterest.fr/pin/137993176075040653/.
Figure 5.
JPG thumbnail
. Presumably a JPEG upload test. tx 515a95381e511141229966d722db19db7da66a0d629b1f883d296287632e72b3, block 349362 (2015-03-26) via cryptograffiti.info.
Figure 6.
we love bitcoin
.
A heart next to a bitcoin logo and written "we love bitcoin". Reproduced at: kryptomoney.com/grayscale-report-institutional-investors-retirement-funds-love-bitcoin/
Embedded in the image itself, there's a message in the header comments:
Bitcoin uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks
which is the opening paragraph of: bitcoin.org/en/
Figure 7.
Iranian lady with polar bear hat.
We don't know if she's actually Iranian, it's just an uneducated guess.
The image data is cut in half. This makes the image an invalid JPEG, but ImageMagick is able to recover and convert to a valid image which is what we show here to make it portable to more browsers. The raw invalid image is present at: raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/bitcoin-inscription-indexer/data/bin/b673c7d0c62cce8315ad6cc63a2c8ca8169bf73432435760b808735e1a7fe0e2.jpg, but it can also be generally viewed by most viewers.
This embedding uses a novel more specialiezd protocol on top of a raw daisy chain Bitcoin inscription.
The daisy actually starts at f49e79889b34d355fa8a02f13b9db4ed69c067f975e25339737ef10e4b993d7a and data is encoded as follows:
OP_RETURN 62 00000000 48656c6c6f20776f726c64212052657475726e20626c6f622070726f746f636f6c2076
OP_RETURN 62 00000001 313a204d41474943203d20307836322c205041434b414745203d2075696e7431362c20
OP_RETURN 62 00000002 53455155454e4345203d2075696e7431362c205041594c4f4144203d20757020746f20

OP_RETURN 62 00000000 48656c6c6f20776f726c64212052657475726e20626c6f622070726f746f636f6c2076
OP_RETURN 62 00000001 313a204d41474943203d20307836322c205041434b414745203d2075696e7431362c20
OP_RETURN 62 00000002 53455155454e4345203d2075696e7431362c205041594c4f4144203d20757020746f20

OP_RETURN 62 00000003 33352062797465732e0a

OP_RETURN 62 00010000 ffd8ffe1001845786966000049492a00080000000000000000000000ffec0011447563
OP_RETURN 62 00010001 6b79000100040000003c0000ffe1039a687474703a2f2f6e732e61646f62652e636f6d
OP_RETURN 62 00010002 2f7861702f312e302f003c3f787061636b657420626567696e3d22efbbbf222069643d
OP_RETURN 62 00010003 2257354d304d7043656869487a7265537a4e54637a6b633964223f3e203c783a786d70

...

OP_RETURN 62 00010085 51290358a41fe5408b4435254208d4810a5fe9113044c1ae3aa544656d729756395b87
OP_RETURN 62 00010086 c4e261f55c5d19e1c792c3f78adff1368db58e5a0bb85b2c6753c42de6d973edae0642
OP_RETURN 62 00010087 1b2c8370f203aaa0a6eb7ea0871d8e9ae6534b785b57347171e4df6a5463d7ce77b93b
OP_RETURN 62 00010088 9b8bf96edd1b982e2474a41ad28e3c01e74586d1d1ad7a874c5a1b7c742d2285c371f6
The first block is:
Hello world! Return blob protocol v1: MAGIC = 0x62, PACKAGE = uint16, SEQUENCE = uint16, PAYLOAD = up to
which then gets repeated, probably an error, but now with the sentence completed:
Hello world! Return blob protocol v1: MAGIC = 0x62, PACKAGE = uint16, SEQUENCE = uint16, PAYLOAD = up to 35 bytes
This therefore gives us the name of the protocol as "return blob protocol". We also understand that the 0x62 was aconfiguration parameter.
ffd8ffe1 marks the start of the JPEG.
If the rest of the image were inscribed somewhere random in the blockchain, we'd expect to find the string 6200010089 containing the netxt data chunck on a nearby block, but bgrep did not find it, so perhaps the data just isn't there.
The last tx of the daisy is 43b182065ab2c7d1908ec3cee756d9f626c1e4bd1efa17a7c3993433b653d499 which is followed by 9e6838a3545bd59a708d0c177d6840c7d82b8ac6220138ca3d8133a1376405aa which does not contain any data.
Figure 8.
Erich Erstu
. Alias: 1Hyena. A well built man wearing a gas mask. Google image search leads to: github.com/1Hyena (archive), who is the creator of cryptograffiti.info. It was around after this time that the number of raw images surged dramatically in the blockchain, so it is possible that this is when the service started operating. This further suggests that most raw image uploads we found were made with cryptograffiti.info. tx c206e8fff656f07b27dac831ef9b956792bae4e76a2cb43f14f49f0298bf2c2f, block 416527 (2016-06-16). Embedded text:
Hyena was here on the 16th of June 2016.
and:
Hi mom! I love you.
Figure 9.
Water Deer
. badtaxidermy.com "Water Deer" image, visible at: web.archive.org/web/20200527070011/http://www.badtaxidermy.com/?page=3. tx 357e8ae080e5a1b554eaec2953e3e6e2e7955f3af4559dd0f1bc6381d56aa183, block 416735 (2016-06-16) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the strings:
www.badtaxidermy.com
and:
Cryptograffiti.info now allows you to attach JPEG images to your messages.
Figure 10.
hotmine.io
. A mining supplier: hotmine.io/en. twitter.com/uahotmine. tx 8ec01c5e8f3b57adb13079af3b7e40e7acd3986a5ed14325388405771bd43f9b, block 416835 (2016-06-18) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the following string embedded into it:
Smart Heating, Bitcoin Mining For You - en.hotmine.io
Figure 11.
Nada from They Live (1988)
.
tx 83df1e5ecc1c7ac455d2855e15cff8fa5771afe2ad1796c8b6b1a8e910e829c4, block 416896 (2016-06-18) via cryptograffiti.info. The file has the following string embedded into it:
I have come here to chew bubble gum and dance on Ethereum's grave.
And I'm all out of bubble gum.
which is a reference to Nada's original dialogue:
I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass... and I'm all out of bubblegum.
Video 1.
I'm here to chew bubblegum
. Source. Off-chain film scene for context.
Figure 12.
Cryptocurrenty Minning ad
. Twitter "@dobcrypto": twitter.com/dobcrypto Reuploaded at: imgur.com/gallery/00oOuhm. tx eda07af9584391bb6f5ebb07ba57a51b610751fdf06ae49d9166225c36d97d0b, block 417111 (2016-06-20) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the following string:
Subscribe, I will be glad to see you! www.youtube.com/c/dobcryptocurrency
Figure 13.
Chinese wedding
.
A white man and a Chinese woman wearing Chinese traditional dressess holding hands, presumably a token from their wedding. A Chinese poem is visible next to them, with four vertical setences made up of 7 characters each, to be read from right to left. This is a classic Classical Chinese poetry form known as qijue.
A photo of a snowy mountain is shown in the background, fitting the theme of the poem. It looks like an European mountain, possibly Mont Blanc? TODO identify. Perhaps a reference to the nationality of the husband.
TODO transcribe the Chinese text, cursive grass script + traditional characters + ultra-low res put this beyond Ciro Santilli's capabilities/patience ratio. Ciro Santilli's wife's transcribed gave the first column as:
丹珍默然藏山中
A scarlet gemstone hides quietly in the midst of the mountains.
and no Google hits, so maybe an original poem? What a hero. TODO transcribe the rest.
The image file contains the English transalation of the Chinese poem embeded into it:
A scarlet gemstone hides quietly in the midst of the mountains.
Its beauty softly enters the wanderer's dreams.
Fame and fortune become like drifting clouds
But the gem endures like the constellations above.
Figure 14.
Superbuffo
. Googling gives a Toni Caradonna: twitter.com/superbuffo. At twitter.com/Superbuffo/status/1620900765014556672 that twitter account claimed the art or its depiction. www.imdb.com/name/nm9516368/ has some obscure references to him. tx 6240f61bbaeac66cd623e921a153addaf5f379a996f2de0f0c6506d628fe3812, block 417354 (2016-06-21) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the following string embedded into it, in addition to a lot of Adobe boilerplate:
Superbuffo the first comedian on the blockchain
Figure 15.
Rene Angelil and Celine Dion
. Reproduced at: web.archive.org/web/20191130174338/https://people.com/celebrity/inside-celine-dion-and-rene-angelils-21-year-marriage/ but cropped to faces. tx e2e5b9cf04d93ae5fc1b54e9208b92b668823e014b251f57510e4702661fa1a6, block 417272 (2016-06-21) via cryptograffiti.info. Embedded text:
You will be here forever
Figure 16.
New Age dance
. Woman dancing a New Age-like dance with New Age-like Indian looking clothes, holding a lamp, and with a rose on her hair. TODO identify. tx 0602dd1b375bc71818db0a40d7a14f438499af3eda9056125eb5a1b74bed790b, block 419676 (2016-07-07) via cryptograffiti.info. The image contains the following text embedded into it (TODO unknown mechanism, does not show up on exifTool:
No alcohol and smoking since 07.07.2016. Love girls!
Figure 17.
Snake penetration sculputure
. Sculpture of what seems to be a snake penetrating a vagina. tx 83f412eb7ff40fe542901186a6d37cba0eb4f8458c574bc02a6f7236c599fe07, block 420122 (2016-07-10) via cryptograffiti.info.
Figure 18.
Wedding invitation
. TODO: make out names, quite low res, no patience. Looks like Cyrillic script. tx 01c3af71c12d49260231dcb3cc86d6ff21b3cd90878e9556482ef3b0908abffe, block 420960 (2016-07-16) via cryptograffiti.info.
Figure 19.
Bitcoin love certificate
. Hard to make out due to ultra-low-res, and in Cyrillic script. Contains three dates: 8.02.1982, 16.07.1992 and 17.07.2016. tx 075d1c78883ccb237b374c7ed7f9ff0f90df3308c48f9e7a29348b815326b769, block 421151 (2016-07-17) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the following text embedded into it:
Wedding Wallled 15Nz214yv76BmkKLCi8kAVssa5C7nQHLjx
Figure 20.
Oles Slobodenyuk
.
Wedding picture with people holding "Blockchain" and "Ipa" signs.
Reproduced at: web.archive.org/web/20200926150213/https://freebitcoins.com.ua/zapushhen-ukrainskij-bitkoin-pul-bitcoinukraine/ Google translate:
One of the initiators of the launch of this pool was Oles Slobodenyuk, who earlier created a grocery store in Kiev accepting bitcoins, arranged a TakeMyBitcoin flash mob, and also registered his own marriage in the bitcoin blockchain on the weddingbook.io website.
Oles is for example featured at: uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/bitcoin-miners-heating-homes-free-133053106.html Bitcoin Miners Are Heating Homes Free of Charge in Frigid Siberia by Anna Baydakova (2019)
The image file contains the following text embedded into it:
<Wedding date: Jul 17, 2016
proof link goo.gl/photos/2GToBx1WqRyiQtxQ6
The link is dead of course.
Figure 21.
Nematode
. A... nematode-like shaped hand drawn extremely simple image? A test upload presumably? The squiggle outside of the worm might be a test direction marker. tx 554846025e808df7adec3b1d099e3d4d54b7367cddaa959939cb5ca0fc6abf7b, block 424414 (2016-08-09) via cryptograffiti.info. The image file contains the following string embedded into it:
2016, painting, 135.7 x 130.7 cm (18 DPI)
Figure 22.
Hand written contract
.
Wedding contract written in Czech. Transcription and translation by Petr Kadlec:
Svým podpisem pod tímto textem potvrzuji, že Daniela Dudysová a Pavel Urbaczka v mé přítomnosti dne 20.8.2016 v Ropici projevili vůli uzavřít spolu manželství, přičemž ani jeden z těchto projevů se mi nejevil jako nesvobodný, nikoliv vážný, nesrozumitelný, omylný nebo uzavřený v tísni.
Translation:
With my signature under this text, I confirm Daniela Dudysová and Pavel Urbaczka have, in my presence on 2016-08-20 in Ropice, expressed the will to enter marriage, whereas neither of their expressions seemed to me to be non-free, not serious, in error, or under distress.
Signatures:
Tereza (unreadable) Hana (unreadable) Jakub (unreadable) Radim Kozub (unreadable) (unreadable) Lenka (unreadable)
Petr also conjectures that Jakub may refer to Jakub Olšina from Blockchain Legal. Figure 23. "Wedding on grass" on the same block contains a image of a wedding, presumably the same of the contract. The photo of the man might be the same person as www.linkedin.com/in/olsinajakub/, but a bit younger.
Figure 23.
Wedding on grass
.
The file contains the following text embedded into it:
Danila a Pavel se právě vzali!
which is Czech for:
Danila and Pavel just got married!
So it is a followup to Figure 22. "Hand written contract".
Figure 24.
Onshape ad
. Ad for www.onshape.com/en/, an online CAD company:
#CAD users all over the world are designing in the cloud! Join them by creating a #free Onshape account: hubs.ly/HO3vJ6tO. tx c0bb963cb3ceffc49059f09db94e3fd73caa3b7a8e005160d49e99020ff6b51a, block 426832 (2016-08-25) via cryptograffiti.info. Embedded text:
@Onshape - The Future of Professional CAD
Figure 25.
Pepe the Frog
. ca933de16b6466e40b37c7ee0ec0dcd9a56bc365a567a5fff81ba4927dd61e23 (2016-10-17) via cryptograffiti.info. Embedded text:
In Pepe We Trust
#BITCOINPEPE
Figure 26.
Hello. Yes, this is dog
. knowyourmeme.com/memes/yes-this-is-dog. tx 4b0cd7e191ef0a14a9b6ab1c5900be534118c20a332ff26407648168d2722a2e, block 440418 (2016-11-24) via cryptograffiti.info.
Figure 27.
Ross Ulbricht
. Exact image also reproduced at: ethereumworldnews.com/ross-ulbricht-attorney-dismiss-2018/. tx b25ba2080d15c1277569bd2fee707a216c4e2ee0a1f479349c2309651c261511, block 442225 (2016-12-06) via cryptograffiti.info. Embedded text:
Silk Road saved lives that would
have otherwise been lost on the
streets.
Figure 28.
Tuxedo and rose
. Black and white and intentionally blurred photo of couple, the woman wears a tuxedo, and the man holds a red rose/light-like thing in the middle. tx c67dca17d3e5544d8d2c70d143196e1c1438a09c7371b80086d0a71ec5aec3c8, block 453083 (2017-02-14) via cryptograffiti.info.
Figure 29.
Couple on mountains
. Middle aged couple selfie in front of some mountains. tx 00a64f2ff9aae7a34c21d07b8fc9bad79989f25295ccbddc6fbe73b3685b65a9, block 456370 (2017-03-09) via cryptograffiti.info. The file contains the following Spanish poem, whch confirms that their Spanish looking faces are actually Spanish, perhaps they are at the Pyrenees:
Entre tus brazos y los míos
no hay espacio, tan juntitos
estamos que los pensamientos
son uno.
A veces somos casi dos desconocidos,
raros tan raros cómo distintos,
pero nos engañamos, tú lo sabes yo lo sé,
en realidad somos muy dentro
la misma verdad.
Escondidos en tus ojitos
duermen mis sueños más hermosos,
cuándo los abres frente a mi
se despiertan alegres y rumbosos.
Which translates as:
Between your arms and mine
there is no space, so close together
we are the thoughts
They are one.
Sometimes we are almost two strangers,
strange as strange as they are different,
but we deceive ourselves, you know it, I know it,
actually we are very inside
the same truth.
Hidden in your eyes
my most beautiful dreams sleep,
when do you open them in front of me
They wake up happy and cheerful.
Not easy Google hits so possibly novel.
Figure 30.
Tank Man
.
See also: Section "China".
Searching for the image hash ca4f11131eca6b4d61daf707a470cfccd1ef3d80a6f8b70f1f07616b451ca64e leads to archive.4plebs.org/pol/thread/191157608/#q191162145 which links to the now dead as of 2021: cryptograffiti.info/#ca4f11131eca6b4d61daf707a470cfccd1ef3d80a6f8b70f1f07616b451ca64e.jpg. But
Figure 31.
Mr. Burns You're here forever
.
Mr. Burns from The Simpsons showing a sign:
Don't forget, you're here forever
Still from S06E13 of The Simpsons. A reference to the immutability of the blockchain.
Video 2.
Mr. Burns "You're Here Horever"
. Source. Off-chain source clip for the still.
This transaction is given at Data Insertion in Bitcoin's Blockchain by Andrew Sward, Vecna OP_0 and Forrest Stonedahl. We've decoded it with:
btc getrawtransaction 94e319d09fc236fb9d7a24e60af8f47ed41ca3cc01e9950c925d806153ed8aa3 true | jq -r '.vin[].scriptSig.asm' | sed -r 's/^[^ ]+ //' | sed -r 's/ [^ ]+$//' | tr -d '\n'  | xxd -r -p > tmp.jpg
TODO understand the encoding better. Our indexing scripts Bitcoin Inscription Indexer missed it because the image is encoded on starting on the second constant of the input script and not the first.
This was missed by binwalk because it does not index the valid JPEG signature "ffd8ffdb"... we should patch it... github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk/blob/cddfede795971045d99422bd7a9676c8803ec5ee/src/binwalk/magic/images#L107
Figure 32.
Augustana College Old-Main.jpg
.
First tx 1e347cf7521a1318ef31af4f5758efbc45f1bb2a7db9bc1cc469bfe93599eaf7 sets up 48 P2SH outputs and gives ASCII message
Augustana College Old-Main.jpg Reconstruct with data preceding redeemscripts
Then tx 033d185d1a04c4bd6de9bb23985f8c15aa46234206ad29101c31f4b33f1a0e49 redeems those with 48 input scripts that encode the image with ASCII message:
Augustana College Old-Main.jpg Reconstruct with data preceding redeemscripts
Figure 33.
PDF demo
. tx b4f537bc536c392d425af0693e3282bbf697df01debeeaf7f9918b93af6bdd14, block 474646 (2017-07-07) via cryptograffiti.info contains a single page 7.9 KB PDF sample file also present e.g. at: www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/harrow-college-uxbridge-college/assessing-risk-in-sport-unit/pdf-sample-its-nothing-dw/61244699. This image is a screenshot of the PDF made manually to make it easier to view here, the actual inscribed file has been uploaded to: raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/bitcoin-inscription-indexer/data/bin/b4f537bc536c392d425af0693e3282bbf697df01debeeaf7f9918b93af6bdd14.pdf. The first lines of the document read:
Adobe Acrobat PDF Files
Adobe® Portable Document Format (PDF) is a universal file format that preserves all of the fonts, formatting, colours and graphics of any source document, regardless of the application and platform used to create it.
Figure 34.
Cat manga
. TODO identify, transcribe japanese. tx 4986e9cd20b75bb534df92e60b232945e18274f4c46d25b8853af9bdda5166b8, block 581526 (2019-06-20).
Figure 35.
Arms crossed
. Nerdy caucasian woman in her late teens/early 20's wearing glasses and a jeans jacked with her arms crossed. TODO identify. tx a55e5e7492848445a9f9ecf55ce566242c9d95e6c46a171fd94a345e8b74c355, block 597374 (2019-10-01) with P2FKH
Figure 36.
Black cat
. No, Google reverse image search is never going to find the exact one amongst billions of pics. tx 8cf28eb9ac221d8cd15298b9ae63eca910b536a5234c133c7e364b29a4e39d21, block 625045 (2020-04-09) with P2FKH.
Figure 37.
Teddy bear
. tx 546124c6ad55acc6e0cd00a66fbd29e9b7df5fe8505e2ebf8470bb44aa35bc16, block 654100 (2020-10-24) with P2FKH. Cost: ~0.002 BTC ~ $25.77 at the time. Transaction made up of 339 * 550 SAT outputs.
Figure 38.
The Starry Night by van Gogh
.
tx 225ed8bc432d37cf434f80717286fd5671f676f12b573294db72a2a8f9b1e7ba, block 685647 (2021-05-31) Stored on SegWit. Googling leads to this hit: github.com/aureleoules/bitcandle by French programmer Aurèle Oulès which is an obscure uploader not known to us before this transaction was found.
tx 8dc2785335c59df6c00257f9b20e5df9b932a717f97066b279e292faba71a67a on block 685737 contains another one, but with a slightly different encoding, presumably Aureole was trying out different things.
Figure 39.
Kitchen mirror selfie in swimming glasses
.
This P2FMS has the peculiarity that each payload constant is preceded by a 04 byte which must be thrown away, we've decoded it manually with:
bitcoin-core.cli getrawtransaction 3110f49fb6047d62e6fa198a0a4b180d9abf7075d6f29472747990ae286295cb true | jq -r '.vout[].scriptPubKey.asm' | head -n-2 | sed -r 's/^....//;s/ 3 .*//' | tr -d ' \n' | xxd -r -p  > tmp.jpg
This transactions is also mentioned at: github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/28400 "Make provably unsignable standard P2PK and P2MS outpoints unspendable"
Figure 41.
Gulagu.net people
. tx 36e7f004ff22aa1146a00705d166fbca64d174c472a5296ed1f38d4749a74e10, block 710354 (2021-11-19). Rightmost Vladimir Osechkin. Two-stage P2SH inscription.
Figure 42.
Low resolution GIF screenshot of the Bitcoin whitepaper intro
.
The payload starts with: 7b260000 before the acutal GIF, which is why we hadn't found it before using binwalk. TODO what do those bytes mean?
The last payload uses OP_RETURN and encodes the ascii filename:
BTGC:satoshi.gif
TODO what is BTGC?
Figure 43.
A man and his cactus
. tx 4719e7252f4bdefd9f7bdf5058f17af28729b79c303b067eb01c107e57235754 (2024-01-27). Encoded as a data URL for a JPEG image in an OP_RETURN:
data:image/jpeg;base64
Perhaps a meme given the phalic shape of the plant.
TODO decode:
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Davinci Jeremie Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Video 1.
Just buy $1 worth of Bitcoin please! by Davinci Jeremie (2013)
Source.
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DontTraceMeBruh Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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EMBII Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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One of the dudes from the AtomSea & EMBII Bitcoin-based file upload system.
Figure 1.
EMBII's usual profile image
. Source.
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Genesis block message Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Inscription added by Satoshi Nakamoto on the Genesis block containing:
The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks
which is a reference to: www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chancellor-alistair-darling-on-brink-of-second-bailout-for-banks-n9l382mn62h wihch is fully titled:
Chancellor Alistair Darling on brink of second bailout for banks
The "Alistair" was slikely removed due to limited payload concerns.
Through the newspaper reference, the message proves a minimal starting date for the first mine.
And it hints that one of Bitcoin's motivation was the financial crisis of 2007-2008, where banks were given bailouts by the government to not go under, which many people opposed as the crisis was their own fault in the first place. A notable related stab is taken at Len Sassaman tribute.
We can extract the image from the blockchain ourselves by starting from: blockchain.info/block-height/0?format=json.
From that page we manually extract the hash 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f and then:
wget -O 0.hex https://blockchain.info/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f?format=hex
xxd -p -r 0.hex
and that does contain the famous genesis block string:
EThe Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks
The JSON clarifies that the data is encoded in the script field of the transaction input:
{
      {
         "script":"04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73"
The extra E (0x45 in ASCII) in EThe Times is just extra noise required by the script, we can break things up as:
04ffff001d0104 45 5468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73
where:
  • 54 is T
  • the 04ffff001d0104 part just doesn't show up on the terminal because it is not made of any printable characters.
The initial 04 is OP_RETURN.
TODO what is actual the meaning of the ffff001d010445 part? @defango twitter.com/defango/status/1642750851134652417 comments:
04ffff001d0104 is a hexadecimal string. It is commonly used in the Bitcoin network as a part of the mining process. Specifically, it is used as the target value for a block to be considered valid by the Bitcoin network.
This value represents the level of difficulty required for a miner to generate a block that meets the network's criteria. The first four bytes, 04ffff, represent the maximum possible target value. The next three bytes, 001d01, represent the current difficulty level
while the final byte, 04, is a padding byte. In summary, this value sets the difficulty level for mining a new block in the Bitcoin network.
TODO the output of the transaction has a jumbled script, likely just a regular output to get things going, can't be arbitrary like input.
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Gwern Branwen Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
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Author of gwern.net.
Ciro Santilli envies this guy a bit. He dumps his brain more or less full time on his highly customized static website partly due to early Bitcoin investments gwern.net/me says:
I am a freelance American writer & researcher. (To make ends meet, I have a Patreon, benefit from Bitcoin appreciation thanks to some old coins, and live frugally.)
Also unsurprisingly he likes Haskell:
I mostly contribute to projects in Haskell, my favorite language
Ciro Santilli considers Gwern Ciro Santilli's e-soulmates due to his interest in "dark web things" like Bitcoin and Silk Road, his immense writing output in encyclopedic book-sized articles on a static website, and his desire to live frugally and just research and write all day. Ah, if only Ciro had some old coins!!!
This is likely a pseudonym, his real name not being publicly unknown, e.g. at news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5659278:
Why do you choose relative anonymity?
For the reasons I've said in the past. To which I can add personal safety: my Silk Road page is a bit questionable legally, and we all know that there are ways to exploit knowledge of one's True Name and address (even if, as far as I know, I have no enemies willing to resort to, say, 'swatting' me) - one group of stalkers called up a college they thought I worked at to see if they could get me fired or otherwise ruin my day.
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