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Joined 2026-09-21 Message
Incoming links: Solvation
Molecularity 2026-10-14
Molecularity counts the reacting entities in one elementary reaction: one for a unimolecular step, two for a bimolecular step. An entity can be a molecule, ion, or chemical atom. Solvent entities involved only through solvation are excluded. Molecularity describes a microscopic event; order of reaction describes the concentration dependence of a rate law. Assigning molecularity to a net multi-step chemical equation is therefore inappropriate.[ref]
Glossary of Terms Used in Physical Organic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994): M entries by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Glossary of Terms Used in Physical Organic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 1994, entry “molecularity”: elementary event and exclusion of solvation medium
Solubility 2026-10-14
Solubility specifies the amount that can remain dissolved at chemical equilibrium under stated conditions; it is different from how quickly a sample dissolves. Separating ions from an ionic crystal costs energy, but solvation establishes new interactions with the solvent. In water, hydration of ions couples charged ions to polar water molecules. The net enthalpy of dissolution can have either sign; entropy and concentration also enter the Gibbs free energy balance. Consequently, being a salt does not guarantee high solubility in water or any other solvent.[ref]
Chemistry 2e. §11.1, “The Formation of Solutions”, Figure 11.4; §11.3, definition of solubility; §16.4, free energy
Low solubility must also be distinguished from weak electrolyte behavior. A small amount of an ionic compound can dissolve essentially completely as ions, giving few charge carriers because little material dissolved. Calling that a weak electrolyte solely because its chemical solution conducts poorly would conflate two different questions.[ref]
Solvation 2026-10-14
Solvation is stabilization through interactions between a solute and its solvent. It involves both the solute's surroundings and reorganization of the solvent: neighbors move, orientations change, and existing interactions compete with new ones. Electric forces, Van der Waals forces, and specific interactions such as hydrogen bonds can contribute. Solvation can also occur at groups on an insoluble material, so it does not require complete dissolution.[ref]
Solvation by water is called hydration. Hydration of ions is the charged special case, but neutral molecules such as sucrose can also interact with water without becoming ions. A hydrated cation retains its positive net electric charge; orienting neutral water molecules around it does not supply an extra Electron. Dissolution, desolvation, and ionization describe different changes, as the examples below show.[ref]
11.1 The Dissolution Process. Opening sucrose example
[ref]11.2 Electrolytes. “Ionic Electrolytes” and “Covalent Electrolytes”
The useful question is therefore not just whether a solute attracts a solvent, but how much the whole system gains after paying for the rearrangements. Solvation free energy describes a specified transfer into a solvent; solvation thermodynamic balance explains why even cooling during dissolution can accompany favorable mixing. The existing solubility discussion concerns how much remains dissolved at chemical equilibrium.