Silvia Gonzalez by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying past environments and animal history. Gonzalez and collaborators investigated evidence that the Irish elk survived into the Holocene, showing why direct dating can change an inferred extinction chronology.[ref]
David A. Hetherington by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in historical ecology. Hetherington and collaborators investigated evidence for Eurasian lynx in medieval Britain, using dated remains to test assumptions about when an animal disappeared from a region.[ref]
Karis H. Baker by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying past animal populations. Baker and collaborators investigated the long history of fallow deer and human influence on their distribution, connecting historical evidence with modern conservation biology.[ref]
Sirpa Nummela by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying the evolution of hearing. Nummela and collaborators investigated Eocene whales, connecting changes in ear anatomy with the transition to hearing in an aquatic environment.[ref]
David J. Chivers by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in comparative anatomy. Chivers and collaborators compared gastrointestinal structure among Primates and other mammals in relation to diet, using variation in digestive anatomy to investigate feeding adaptations.[ref]
Steven Henikoff by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in chromatin biology and bioinformatics. With Jorja G. Henikoff, Henikoff developed amino acid substitution matrices from conserved protein blocks; these provide empirically grounded scores for comparing protein sequences.[ref]
Jorja G. Henikoff by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in bioinformatics who, with Steven Henikoff, developed amino acid substitution matrices from conserved protein blocks. These matrices turn observed replacement patterns into scores for protein sequence alignment.[ref]
William R. Pearson by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in bioinformatics. With David J. Lipman, Pearson developed tools for biological sequence comparison that became associated with FASTA, making similarity searches practical for growing sequence collections.[ref]
David J. Lipman by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in bioinformatics. With William R. Pearson, Lipman developed improved tools for biological sequence alignment, connecting computational search methods with the comparison of biological sequences.[ref]
Figure 1.
Portrait of David J. Lipman
. Brian Glanz / Open Science Federation; White House Open Science Champions of Change (2013); existing Commons crop. CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Source.
Le Cong by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in genome engineering. Cong and collaborators demonstrated multiplex targeting using CRISPR-Cas9 systems, helping establish a programmable way to alter more than one genomic site in an experiment.[ref]
Luke A. Gilbert by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in gene regulation. Gilbert and collaborators developed modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription using CRISPR-Cas9, showing how sequence-directed targeting can control gene activity rather than only cut DNA.[ref]
R. K. Saiki by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in molecular diagnostics. Saiki and collaborators used enzymatic amplification of beta-globin sequences and restriction-site analysis to investigate sickle cell disease, helping establish the practical usefulness of polymerase chain reaction.[ref]
C. Hoischen by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying bacterial transport regulation. Hoischen and collaborators investigated the central loop of lactose permease in regulation by the glucose-specific phosphotransferase component, connecting a transporter region with metabolic control.[ref]
T. Kawashima by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in structural biology. Kawashima and collaborators determined the structure of the EF-Tu–EF-Ts complex, connecting interactions between translation factors with the molecular mechanism of nucleotide exchange.[ref]
C. S. Wright by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in protein crystallography. Wright and collaborators determined the structure of subtilisin BPN′ at 2.5 Å resolution, making the spatial organization of a proteolytic enzyme accessible to mechanistic interpretation.[ref]
Alfonso Tramontano by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in catalytic antibodies. Tramontano and collaborators investigated whether the molecular recognition of an antibody can be used to accelerate a chemical reaction, connecting selective binding with catalysis.[ref]
S. W. Cushman by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying insulin and glucose transport. Cushman and collaborators investigated the movement of intracellular transport systems to the cell membrane in adipose cells, helping distinguish transporter redistribution from production of additional transporter molecules.[ref]
Efraim Racker by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Biochemist who studied energy conversion through reconstituted membrane systems. Racker and collaborators combined light-driven proton transport with ATP formation in vesicles, testing whether the component processes could operate together outside an intact cell.[ref]
A. T. Jagendorf by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher in photosynthesis. Jagendorf and collaborators showed ATP formation after an imposed acid–base transition in isolated chloroplasts, making a transmembrane proton difference experimentally separable from the ordinary light-driven process.[ref]
D. M. Gill by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Researcher studying bacterial toxins and cellular signaling. D. M. Gill and collaborators investigated how cholera toxin catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of membrane proteins and activates adenylyl cyclase, connecting a chemical modification with toxin action.[ref]

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact