A physicist whose research includes nonlinear and computational acoustics and who teaches in the physics department at the Czech Technical University in Prague.^[ref]

Ladislav Sieger coauthored teaching experiments that connect the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect in a single thermoelectric device. In generator operation, a temperature difference produces an electromotive force; in cooler operation, an electric current pumps heat. The analysis includes Joule heating and thermal conduction, so the cooling power is not simply proportional to the supplied current. Comparing useful heat removal with electrical input also distinguishes refrigerator performance from heat-engine efficiency.^[ref]

A physicist listed among the academic teaching staff of the physics department at the Czech Technical University in Prague.^[ref]

Frank Steglich coauthored an apparatus for measuring very small magnetostriction in pulsed magnetic fields. A fibre Bragg grating serves as an optical strain gauge attached to a small crystal: changes in its reflected wavelength report changes in length. The 2010 instrument resolved strain of order $10^{-7}$ with 47,000 hertz bandwidth and was demonstrated on gadolinium compounds at low temperatures. It connects an optical measurement to the way electronic and magnetic changes deform a solid.^[ref]

A physicist studying correlated electrons and emeritus director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids.^[ref]

An experimental physicist who, with Robert Vivian Pound, measured gravitational redshift over a laboratory height difference in the Pound-Rebka experiment. The Mössbauer effect supplies an exceptionally narrow nuclear resonance, allowing a tiny change in gamma ray energy to be detected. Controlled motion of the source produces a compensating Doppler shift, turning a difficult absolute energy comparison into a measurement of the velocity needed to restore resonance.^[ref]

A theoretical physicist whose research connects spin-orbit coupling with electrical control of electron spin. The coupling allows the electron's motion and local electric environment to affect its spin, providing routes to manipulation and transport in semiconductors. His review emphasizes how this link changes the meaning of spin currents and their relation to measurable spin accumulation.^[ref]

A theoretical physicist who reformulated the single-electron Schrödinger equation as hydrodynamic equations, now called the Madelung equations. Writing the wave function in terms of magnitude and phase connects its evolution with a density and a flow. The formulation makes a useful bridge between quantum-wave dynamics and fluid descriptions while retaining an additional quantum contribution to the force balance.^[ref]

A theoretical physicist who developed a collective-electron account of metallic ferromagnetism. Instead of treating every magnetic moment as belonging to an isolated atom, the approach considers electrons occupying extended states throughout a crystal. Combining Fermi-Dirac statistics with their interactions connected magnetic behavior with the occupation of electronic bands and its change with temperature.^[ref]

George Gabriel Stokes connected fluid viscosity with corrections to precision physical pendulum measurements and with resistance on small moving bodies. His memoir explains why correcting only for buoyancy misses the fluid's inertia and frictional effects. For steady creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid around a rigid sphere, the Stokes drag law is $F=6\pi \mu aU$, where $\mu$ is dynamic viscosity, $a$ is the sphere's radius, and $U$ is its relative speed. The result assumes a no-slip boundary condition and an unbounded surrounding fluid. It connects measured settling or damping with fluid properties.^[ref]

A physicist and mathematician associated with Stokes flow, Stokes' second problem and Stokes theorem.

Rudolf Peierls introduced an argument explaining how a two-dimensional Ising model can sustain magnetic order at low temperature. A reversed island of spins has a boundary whose energy cost grows with its length. The number of possible boundaries also grows, but sufficiently low temperature suppresses their Boltzmann weights strongly enough for order to survive. The Peierls argument makes the competition between energy and the number of fluctuations explicit, helping explain why dimensionality changes collective magnetic behavior.^[ref]

A physicist associated with the Peierls transition and the Peierls argument.

Hans-Joachim Queisser and William Shockley calculated an ideal efficiency limit for a single-junction solar cell using detailed balance. The cell must emit as well as absorb photons, and radiative recombination therefore limits the electrical work extracted from illumination even when other losses are removed. Their 1961 analysis varies the band gap and allows a specified fraction of nonradiative recombination. The familiar limit belongs to stated assumptions about the illumination, cell temperature and device; it is not one universal numerical efficiency for every photovoltaic design.^[ref]

A physicist who coauthored Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells by William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser.

Georges Matheron was a mathematician who developed geostatistics from problems of estimating mineral resources using spatially distributed measurements. His work put kriging and spatial variability into a systematic probabilistic framework. He also developed mathematical morphology with Jean Serra, connecting geometric operations on sets with image processing.^[ref] In kriging, nearby measurements are combined using weights determined by a model of spatial dependence. The point is to account for both proximity and redundancy: many closely clustered observations need not contain as much new information as equally many well-separated observations.

A mathematician.^[ref]

Skip Thompson is a mathematician whose work includes the numerical solution of delay differential equations. His authored account explains equations in which the present rate of change depends on earlier values of the solution, with applications including population dynamics and epidemiology.^[ref] For example, $y^{\prime }(t)=-ay(t-\tau )$ with $\tau >0$ requires an initial history on $[-\tau ,0]$, rather than only one initial value. A numerical method must therefore approximate and retrieve past values as integration proceeds. Delayed feedback can also create oscillations that are absent from a corresponding equation without delay.

A mathematician.^[ref]

A mathematician who worked on probability theory.^[ref]

Lloyd Shapley was a mathematician whose work helped shape game theory and the mathematical study of matching markets. His research on stable matching with David Gale supplied an existence theorem and a constructive procedure, while the Shapley value gives a systematic way to allocate the value created by cooperation.^[ref] The Shapley value averages each participant's marginal contribution over all orders in which a group might form. This makes a fairness rule precise through combinatorics, rather than selecting a division solely by bargaining strength or an arbitrary order of arrival.

A mathematician.^[ref]

David Gale was a mathematician whose research connected optimization, game theory and mathematical economics. With Lloyd Shapley, he proved the existence of a stable matching under the classical two-sided preference model and gave an algorithm to construct one.^[ref] Stability means that no unmatched pair would both prefer each other to their assigned partners. This is different from maximizing a single total score: the requirement rules out a mutually beneficial deviation. The Gale-Shapley algorithm became a foundation for applications such as assigning students to schools and doctors to residency programs.

A mathematician.^[ref]

Matjaž Zaveršnik is a mathematician whose work with Vladimir Batagelj includes an efficient algorithm for finding all k-cores of networks. Their paper presents a method whose running time is linear in the number of edges for the networks considered, making the decomposition practical on large inputs.^[ref] The key structural object is a k-core: a maximal induced subgraph whose minimum degree is at least $k$. Assigning each vertex its largest such $k$ provides a compact description of its position within nested connected regions; a high value records local connectivity rather than merely a large original degree.

Mathematician.

Biographical record: www2.arnes.si/~sspmgiac/mirk2003/Zbornik.pdf

Vladimir Batagelj is a mathematician whose work includes graph algorithms and the analysis of large networks. With Matjaž Zaveršnik, he developed an efficient algorithm for finding all k-cores of a network, a way to reveal nested regions of increasing internal connectivity.^[ref] A k-core is a maximal induced subgraph in which every vertex has degree at least $k$. Repeatedly removing vertices of insufficient degree exposes this structure. The decomposition helps distinguish densely connected parts of a network from peripheral vertices without requiring an exhaustive search through all vertex subsets.

Mathematician.

Biographical record: www2.arnes.si/~sspmgiac/mirk2003/Zbornik.pdf

Joseph-Louis Lagrange was a mathematician whose work transformed analysis, number theory and classical mechanics. His correspondence with Leonhard Euler helped develop the calculus of variations, and his later analytical treatment of mechanics organized equations of motion through generalized coordinates.^[ref] In Lagrangian mechanics, a function of position and velocity leads to the Euler-Lagrange equation, giving a systematic way to handle constrained motion. His name also appears in the Lagrange multiplier method and Lagrange's four-square theorem, illustrating the breadth of his contributions across continuous and discrete mathematics.

Mathematician.

Biography: mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lagrange/

A mathematician who has worked on orthogonal polynomials.

Institutional biography: dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/RFSwarttouw

A mathematician who has worked on orthogonal polynomials.

Institutional biography: dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/RKoekoek