Social science

John Banzhaf is a legal scholar associated with the mathematical study of the Banzhaf index. His university profile identifies the index bearing his name.^[ref]

An economist who developed foundations of game theory and the Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theorem with John von Neumann.

Researcher whose work includes Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya by Esther Duflo and others.

Economist studying interventions to reduce violence and improve youth outcomes.

Economist whose research is represented by School readiness and later achievement by Greg J. Duncan and others.

Communication that supports understanding and evaluation of scientific claims. Its effects should be assessed through relevant understanding or decisions, rather than the prestige of scientific terminology alone.

Correcting a misconception with relevant evidence and an interpretable alternative. Immediate endorsement change, durable reasoning and practical decisions are distinct outcomes for evaluating debunking.

A text that identifies a mistaken claim and explains an alternative account or why the claim fails. A short-term effect on a belief questionnaire does not establish a lasting change in teaching practice.

Early formal schooling. Psychological research in primary education must specify age, prior instruction, language and school context rather than assuming that one age or curriculum defines a universal developmental stage.

Organizing pupils partly by assessed achievement. The commonly used label ability grouping should not imply that a placement measures a fixed innate capacity; grouping format, movement and instruction must be specified.

Organizing smaller groups inside a shared class for some instruction. Flexible grouping for a particular learning goal differs from a permanent whole-curriculum stream.

Regrouping pupils by current attainment for a particular subject. The educational effect depends on assessment, movement, teaching and the comparison arrangement rather than the name alone.

Assigning pupils to a group across much of the curriculum. It differs from subject setting and from task-specific within-class grouping, and can concentrate differences in curriculum or opportunity across subjects.

Knowledge and skills acquired in an educational domain, assessed through specified tasks or records. Mathematics procedures, mathematical concepts, word decoding and reading comprehension are distinct outcomes; a single aggregate score can conceal different cognitive demands.

A researcher investigating reading acquisition, processing, assessment or instruction. This specialisation does not by itself assert a particular clinical qualification.

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

Researcher whose work includes An attempt to correct erroneous ideas among teacher education students: the effectiveness of refutation texts by Marta Ferrero and others.

Researcher whose work includes Matching learning style to instructional method: effects on comprehension by Beth A. Rogowsky and others.

Researcher whose work includes Neuromyths in education: prevalence and predictors of misconceptions among teachers by Sanne Dekker and others.

Researcher whose work includes What one hundred years of research says about the effects of ability grouping and acceleration on K–12 students' academic achievement: findings of two second-order meta-analyses by Saiying Steenbergen-Hu and others.

Researcher whose work includes Ability grouping and student achievement in elementary schools: a best-evidence synthesis by Robert E. Slavin.

Researcher whose work includes Effects of first-grade number knowledge tutoring with contrasting forms of practice by Lynn S. Fuchs and others.

Researcher whose work includes Using knowledge of children's mathematics thinking in classroom teaching: an experimental study by Thomas P. Carpenter and others.

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

Education researcher whose research is represented by Revisiting the marshmallow test by Tyler W. Watts and others.

Researcher whose work includes Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder by Gail Steketee and others.

Social devaluation associated with an attributed characteristic in a particular context. Social stigma concerns relationships and opportunities as well as individual attitudes; a diagnostic label does not have the same consequences in every setting.

Institutional arrangements and practices that disadvantage a socially marked group. Changing personal attitudes does not alone establish that access to housing, work or appropriate care has become equitable.

Desired or intended separation from a person or group in specified relationships. A social-distance questionnaire measures a stated orientation, not necessarily actual behavior or explicit denial of humanity.

Denial or reduction of qualities or standing ordinarily accorded to persons, such as agency, emotional depth or equal moral consideration. Dehumanization is related to prejudice and discrimination but is not established by every measure of social distance.

Representing a person primarily as an impersonal mechanism lacking a recognized subjective perspective or agency. A scientific biological explanation does not logically require mechanistic dehumanization; how an explanation is framed and used is an empirical question.

Devaluation or exclusion associated with a perceived mental disorder. Public attitudes, experienced discrimination, anticipated discrimination, self-stigma and structural stigma are distinguishable and require different measures.

Treating genetic influence as a fixed, defining and categorically separating essence. Genetic contribution does not logically imply immutability, uniformity or inability to participate in ordinary social life.

Allowing an existing diagnosis to substitute for adequate consideration of a separate difficulty. In mental-health settings, a psychiatric label can be inappropriately used to explain a physical complaint without examining relevant alternatives.

Reported or observed unfair treatment associated with an attributed characteristic. Self-report, direct observation and institutional records provide different evidence and have distinct sampling limitations.

An expectation of unfair treatment linked to an attributed characteristic. It can influence participation or concealment before a particular rejection occurs; absence of reported prior discrimination does not prove that the expectation is unfounded.

Applying a socially devaluing stereotype to oneself, with consequences for self-understanding or expectations. Anticipating realistic discrimination is different from accepting the stereotype as true.

Research contributions include the primary work cited below.^[ref]

Researcher whose work includes Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity by Erving Goffman.

Researcher whose work includes A disease like any other? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence by Bernice A. Pescosolido and others.