By Nicole Fan, Chunhui Zhou and Elina Myagkaya. Published 4 October 2021 in Scientific Reports 11, article 19686. The introduction distinguishes mineral–organic layer interference from surface-groove diffraction; equation 1 gives a repeating-layer interference condition.
Philosophical Transactions 135, pp. 155–172, with additional remarks on pp. 172–177. The reported cooling bath and alcohol-thermometer limitations occur on printed p. 158. Pressure and temperature readings there are historical experimental indications.
Oxford undergraduate lecture notes. The source is distinct from the later quantum-matter notes by the same author. Section 16.2, printed pp. 178–179, describes semiconductor electron and hole transport. The displayed mobility ratio in this draft has a reversed speed-to-field typo; use the stated Drude equations and .
International Tables, symmetry-relations table for , number 129. It records the full Hermann-Mauguin symbol and origin changes, and includes the orthorhombic subgroup relation. Affine operations for a particular atomic basis still require matching its supplied origin.
Primary excerpts, sections 1–14 and 99–100, distinguish mechanical equivalence of heat from constraints on cyclic conversion into work, while explicitly revising the caloric interpretation of Carnot's argument.
Official University of Illinois semiconductor-device lecture slides. Slide 26 distinguishes carrier-counting, conductivity and cyclotron effective masses, and gives the multiple-valley density-of-states effective mass for silicon. This is useful when interpreting a supplied scalar mass in an elementary semiconductor model.
The primary experimental-methods paper's section 4, equation 5, separates powder diffraction multiplicity, squared structure factor, polarization and geometric corrections. Sections 4.1–4.2 explain why powder diffraction intensity corrections depend on the measurement geometry rather than only the crystal structure.
The authors distinguish metallization near from the high-temperature superconducting phase at pressures around . Transport, magnetic and isotope observations support conventional electron–phonon-mediated superconductivity; pressure, phase and thermal preparation must accompany the quoted transition temperature.
The specific-heat correlation covers 4–300 K and gives mass-specific heat capacity in . Its stated fit deviation is 10% below 15 K. The page distinguishes specific heat from its separate thermal conductivity correlation.
Author-hosted MIT course notes: Lecture 13, printed pp. 75–81 and Lecture 14, printed pp. 82–88. No revision date is inferred from the host's current course navigation.
Lecture 13, section V.B, equations V.13–V.27 develops exact one-dimensional spin decimation, its normalization and scaling variables. Lecture 14, section V.D, printed pp. 86–87, equations V.51–V.54 specifies bond moving followed by chain decimation. The official MIT 8.334 course page identifies Mehran Kardar as instructor.
Nature442,766–771. The author preprint's Figs.1–4 document a gate-defined double dot, on-chip magnetic drive, spin-blockade leakage spectroscopy and coherent pulsed rotations.
Physical Review B 56,3598–3601. Primary author-paper text: www.researchgate.net/publication/30762975_Composite_fermions_in_periodic_and_random_antidot_lattices . Institutional record: epub.uni-regensburg.de/7895/ . The paper compares periodic, random and unpatterned antidot transport near half filling and specifies fabrication and illumination controls.
The abstract describes a pseudogap above the superconducting transition and the uncertainty over its microscopic origin and relationship to superconductivity. It is a conceptual reference, not a claimed answer set to this examination.
Section I discusses edge-channel connectivity and the distinction between fixed-area flux counting and charging-modified periods. Section III.C, Fig. 7, discusses scattering-induced transmission via antidot-bound states. The calculation treats interaction effects and should not be read as a universal prediction of isolated Lorentzian peaks.
Primary preprint, submitted 31 December 2004: arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412768
Pages 1–2 describe energy-selective versus tunnel-rate-selective conversion and the two-electron orbital mechanism. Figures 1–2 show timing/readout; Fig. 4 examines nearly degenerate states. The 2004 preprint date differs from the 2005 journal year.
Physical Review 108, 1394 (1957), published 15 December 1957.
Primary publisher abstract: within a molecular-field description, the onset criterion follows from magnetisation cubed being proportional to internal field at the Curie point. This source supports the named plotting method, not the numerical estimates independently read from an exam graph.
Alain Schuhl and Daniel Lacour's authored article in C. R. Physique6,pp.945–955. Section2.1 discusses Mott two-current model transport parameters and the spin asymmetry of defect scattering;§2.2 describes averaging scattering when carriers sample several layers. This supports the model qualifications without asserting a universal iron channel ordering.
Steven H. Simon's Oxford notes. Chapter8 covers linear response, the independent-electron Lindhard response and self-consistent random phase approximation. The inspected file is dated2025 on its cover despite the URL directory QCM2023. Section8.3 begins printedp.123 and§8.4 beginsprintedp.129; the dielectric relation is§8.4.1,printedp.131.
Institution-hosted author-paper reproduction: www.eng.uc.edu/~beaucag/Classes/Properties/Pincus76.pdf . The indexed abstract and section I on p. 386 identify the nonlinear restoring force for strongly elongated polymer chains in a good solvent.
Nature 344, 524–526. Authored research article.
The helium-4 characteristic-property table gives a normal boiling point of 4.224 K and a critical temperature of 5.2 K.
Tetsuro Nikuni, Masaki Oshikawa, Akira Oosawa and Hidekazu Tanaka. Physical Review Letters 84, 5868–5871 (2000); preprint cond-mat/9908118v1 (1999). Primary dilute-boson mean-field interpretation of magnetic ordering.
2006 original microcavity experiment; Nature443,409–414. Measurements combine occupation, temporal/spatial coherence and polarization evidence.
2012 preprint by the experimental/theoretical investigators, reviewing exciton condensation attempts, Auger losses and reinterpretations of earlier claims. The later journal version appeared in 2014.
1995 primary calculation by A. J. Millis, P. B. Littlewood and B. I. Shraiman: the spin-only double-exchange model does not explain the measured resistivity; electron–phonon coupling is proposed.
Physical Review Letters 58, 2059–2062 (1987). Primary proposal to inhibit spontaneous emission by placing the transition within a complete electromagnetic band gap of a three-dimensional periodic dielectric.
Physical Review Letters 12, starting at page 159; published 17 February 1964.
Physical Review Letters 95, 010402; published 27 June 2005.
Physical Review 158, 383–386. Uses a rigorous inequality to exclude finite-temperature long-range order in homogeneous low-dimensional quantum gases under its stated assumptions. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.158.383
Physical Review 130, 439–442. The superconductivity and plasmon example explains why a charged system need not retain the massless spectrum of its uncoupled matter theory. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.130.439
By D. B. Chklovskii, B. I. Shklovskii and L. I. Glazman. Physical Review B 46, 4026 (1992). Primary electrostatic theory of self-consistent quantum Hall edge strips.
The accessible primary abstract describes field-cycled nuclear relaxation in aluminium, its disagreement with a simple two-fluid description, and its explanation by BCS correlations.
Primary report of an isotopic-mass dependence of the superconducting transition. Inspected scan: chair.itp.ac.ru/biblio/papers/ClassicPapersSeminar/Maxwell1950.pdf
Primary paper, in the English translation collected in Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement: sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Brownian_English.pdf
Sections 3–5 connect equilibrium drift and diffusion, the spherical-particle drag coefficient, and mean-squared displacement. The linked scan includes the 1926 translation reprinted in the 1956 Dover edition; the research paper itself is dated 1905.
Physical Review Letters 17, 1133 (1966), DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133. The abstract states the absence of ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order at nonzero temperature in finite-range one- or two-dimensional isotropic spin- Heisenberg models. This is a primary source for the low-dimensional limitation of mean-field magnetic ordering.
By John Hubbard. Proceedings of the Royal Society A276,238–257. The model compares electron hopping and local repulsion, interpolating between itinerant and atomic limits.
By Alexander Pergament, Genrikh Stefanovich and Nadezhda Markova. The2014 manuscript explicitly states the approximate effective-Bohr-radius threshold and its scope.
By Piers Coleman. Sections1.1–1.3 explain heavy electrons, local-moment screening and Kondo-lattice coherence. Published in Many-Body Physics: From Kondo to Hubbard, Modeling and Simulation5.
By David Tong. The authored lecture notes cover tight binding, nearly free electrons, Fermi surfaces, semiclassical dynamics and holes.
Proceedings of the Royal Society A149,71–88. Original theoretical paper distinguishes the acceleration description of a perfect conductor from the additional magnetic relation motivated by superconducting field expulsion.
The abstract describes single-crystal cyclotron resonance measurements near 4 K, light modulation, circularly polarized microwaves and directional anisotropy of carrier energy surfaces.
Institutional measurement procedures covering contact geometry, reversal of electric current and magnetic field, and extraction of sheet carrier density and Hall mobility. Bulk density requires the conducting thickness.
The original experiment uses spin-to-charge conversion and a nearby quantum point contact to detect individual-electron spin outcomes electrically.
The author abstract describes a negatively charged scanning tip depleting the two-dimensional electron gas, producing conductance-response images and mode-dependent angular patterns. It distinguishes branches and inelastic scattering effects.
Physical Review Letters 63, 199–202. The abstract proposes understanding electronic fractional Hall states as integer Hall states of composite objects with an even number of attached flux quanta.
Full subtitle: an explanation for Aharonov-Bohm oscillations. The primary abstract explicitly describes two spin branches and two outer-edge resonances per flux cycle in a charging model.
Second online edition (2016), International Union of crystallography. Authoritative tables of crystallographic point groups and space groups. it.iucr.org/Ac/ doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000114
Physical Review 128, 1437–1452 (1962). Original unrestricted Hartree-Fock spin-density-wave instability result. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.128.1437
Physical Review 104, 1189–1190 (1956). The original two-added-electron bound-state argument in a degenerate Fermi sea. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.104.1189
Chapter 3 of Kinetic Theory by David Tong. Sections 3.1–3.2, printed pages 53–64: Langevin dynamics, Einstein relation (3.12), Gaussian diffusion and the Fokker-Planck equation. Whole-work author credit applies. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Author-hosted lecture notes on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The site records copyright 2012; no separate publication or revision date is assigned here. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Chapter 5 of Statistical Physics by David Tong. Sections 5.4.1–5.4.2: order-parameter free energy, symmetry, continuous and first-order Landau transitions. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Chapter 4 of Statistical Physics by David Tong. Section 4.4: reservoir constraints, Gibbs minimum, equations (4.173)–(4.175) and extensive free-energy relations. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Chapter 2 of Statistical Physics by David Tong. Sections 2.1–2.2 give ideal classical partition functions; section 2.5 gives the density virial expansion and Mayer f-function. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Chapter 1 of Statistical Physics by David Tong. Sections 1.2–1.4 define energy-shell, canonical and grand canonical ensembles and their thermodynamic derivatives. No separately contributed chapter author is established.
Original 1966 article, Physical Review 149, 491. The abstract describes the canonical transformation connecting the two models in the small-mixing limit. Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.149.491 .
Authored lecture notes, dated 9 July 2015 on the title page. Section 4.2 covers the vector ferromagnet; §4.3, printed pp.10–13, develops the nematic tensor, rotational invariants and discontinuous transition. The tensor and coefficient normalization differs from and must be translated explicitly.
Physical Review Letters 66, 719–722. The abstract identifies end-grafted polydimethylsiloxane on porous silicon dioxide and reports thickness proportional to in a poor solvent and in a good solvent. The chemical system in that abstract differs from the polystyrene wording of the 2016 exam; the scaling comparison is unaffected.
Primary paper, Experimental determination of the superconducting pairing state in YBCO from the phase coherence of YBCO-Pb dc SQUIDs, Physical Review Letters 71, 2134–2137. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2134
Bell System Technical Journal28(3), pp.435–489, July1949. Original theoretical treatment of rectifying junctions, minority-carrier injection and junction-transistor action.
Physical Review 109, pages 603–604. The measured junction characteristic supports interband quantum tunnelling and negative resistance.
JEOL News 46(1), 1–5 (2011). Printed p.2, Fig.1 discusses gold decahedra near a fivefold axis and the angular deficit of five fcc tetrahedral domains. This is a primary instrument-user research report, not the source of the exam image.
J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 941–953 (1969), DOI 10.1143/JPSJ.27.941. The publisher abstract describes surface, twin-boundary, elastic and substrate contributions to stability of icosahedral and decahedral particles; full text was not needed for the cited abstract claim.
MIT 6.774, Fall 2004, institutional lecture transcript. The discussion distinguishes largely chemical photoresist ashing in barrel/plasma systems from more strongly directional reactive-ion etching. The source is a teaching lecture, not an experimental paper.
Institutional fabrication tutorial. The surface micromachining section describes sacrificial support, oxide/polysilicon release, HF selectivity and capillary stiction. No separate publication date is established.
S. Matthew Menke, Wade A. Luhman and Russell J. Holmes, Nature Materials 12, 152–157. Exciton transport length constrains heterojunction morphology and collection.
Full title: Split-gated point-contact for electrostatic confinement of transport in MoS2/h-BN hybrid structures. Scientific Reports 7, 735. Demonstrates electrostatic channel confinement; does not by itself establish ideal quantized plateaux in every such device.
Acta Metallurgica 15, 303–310. Equilibrium shape includes particle surface anisotropy and binding to a foreign substrate.
Nano Letters14, pp.2456–2465. An experimental study of core-shell nanowire LEDs and graphene-based p-contacts.
Nano Letters13, pp.4236–4241. A study of atomic-scale three-dimensional structure and composition in bimetallic nanocrystals.
Faraday Discussions173, p.47 onward. Research on processing windows, fiber purity and sulfur's role in floating-catalyst synthesis/spinning.
Science304, pp.276–278. The authors demonstrate direct collection of carbon-nanotube fibers from a CVD reaction zone.
Nature Materials10, pp.429–433. The original study controls the oxidation level of a conducting polymer to optimize thermoelectric transport. Its full title spells out poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); the accessible abstract was inspected.
Manufacturer mode chart, hosted by Caltech's instrumentation facility. The inspected descriptions cover two-pass LiftMode and Surface Potential Imaging; these are instrument-principle descriptions, not independent measurements of the exam specimen.
Applied Physics Letters 21 (1972), pp. 379–381.
Application note 132.
Full title: Giant room-temperature magnetoresistance in single-crystal Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions. Nature Materials 3, 868–871, DOI 10.1038/nmat1257. A primary demonstration supporting the tunnel-junction alternative, without claiming that a larger magnetoresistance alone guarantees lower sensor noise.
Physical Review Letters 60, 848–850. Full title: Quantized conductance of point contacts in a two-dimensional electron gas. Gate-controlled GaAs-AlGaAs ballistic point contacts show conductance steps from transverse quantization.
Scientific background for the 2007 Physics Nobel Prize. Spin-dependent conduction, exchange bias and magnetic read-head applications. Used for mechanism context, not as an official exam answer.
An experimental study of ordered colloidal structures bound through topological defects under micrometre-scale nematic liquid crystal confinement. Science 313, 954–958.
A study of liquid dispersions of exfoliated graphene, with microscopy and spectroscopy to assess flake structure and thickness. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 563–568.
A size-series study of CdSe/ZnS core-shell semiconductor nanocrystals, combining optical, structural and compositional characterization. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101, 9463–9475.
The research distinguishes local magnetic-electrode signals from nonlocal spin accumulation using multi-terminal lateral metal devices. The arXiv preprint was submitted in 2002; the journal article is Physical Review B 67, 085319 (2003).
G. Jeffrey Snyder and Eric S. Toberer, Nature Materials 7, 105–114, DOI 10.1038/nmat2090. Carrier-concentration trade-offs and routes to reducing lattice heat conduction.
Revision F, June 2011. Sections 2.2 and 2.5, especially 2.5.1 DMT Modulus, 2.5.3 Adhesion and 2.5.5 Dissipation.
Official technique description: normal peak-force control, nanomechanical-property mapping and calibration.
Physical Review B 39,8556–8575. Institutional record: research.rug.nl/en/publications/coherent-electron-focusing-with-quantum-point-contacts-in-a-two-d/ . Ballistic focusing with point-contact injection and detection.
Nature Materials 11,241–249. Author-hosted text: web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/Garnett%20Nanowelding%202012.pdf . Junction-localized optical heating and self-limiting contact formation; compare electrical improvement and local morphology with reference treatments.
Nano Letters 3,955–960. Institutional abstract: pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/polyol-synthesis-of-uniform-silver-nanowires-a-plausible-growth-m/ . Cross sections of microtomed wires support pentagonal, fivefold-twinned structures and a multiply twinned seed-growth model.
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